The effect of the exposure time on the value of a manSievert averted

The basis of the manSievert as a unit for collective radiation dose is discussed and previous recommendations are considered for how much should be spent to avert a collective dose of 1 manSv. New calculations are given using the J-value method. It is shown that the value to be assigned to averting a manSievert depends on the duration of averted exposure as well as on the net discount rate and the loan rate thought to be appropriate. Different figures will result depending on whether the exposed group consists of workers or the general public. The variation with dose duration is so large that it is not possible to recommend a single figure for the value of a manSievert. Instead, tables are given at two conservative, loan and net discount rates for the value of a manSievert as a function of exposure time. The base data for the J-value method need to be updated annually, and this means that the values given in the tables will increase over time as people live longer and become richer.     

安全生产与经济社会发展关系理论研究

对美、英、加、日、澳等发达国家的安全生产状况近百年的统计数据进行了分析研究,发现大都经历了从事故频发到达高峰.逐步下降到平稳发展的"驼峰"过程,安全生产状况与经济社会发展阶段存在着相互制约、相互影响的联系,这是建立安全生产状况与经济发展水平的理论模型的事实依据.安全生产状况随经济社会发展而呈现出阶段性的变化趋势.影响一个国家的职业安全健康水平的直接原因有经济上的(安全投入)、科学技术方面、管理制度方面以及教育文化水平方面的,其中经济发展水平是各种原因的根本.重点揭示了安全生产与经济社会发展关系的内在规律,建立了相应的理论模型.并把所建立的理论模型应用到我国的煤矿安全领域.理论模型与实际统计数据基本吻合.     

浅谈兵团中小企业可持续发展与环境保护

新疆生产建设兵团（简称兵团）的中小企业在兵团经济中占有重要地位,但在企业发展的同时,在污染负荷中所占的比例也在相应地上升。本文分析了兵团中小企业的发展现状及带来的环境问题,并提出了解决对策。     

Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: Science to practice workshop: Workshop summary

A workshop was held in Berlin September 12–14th 2012 to assess the state of the science of the data supporting low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses (“low dose hypothesis”) for chemicals with endocrine activity (endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs). This workshop consisted of lectures to present the current state of the science of EDC action and also the risk assessment process. These lectures were followed by breakout sessions to integrate scientists from various backgrounds to discuss in an open and unbiased manner the data supporting the “low dose hypothesis”. While no consensus was reached the robust discussions were helpful to inform both basic scientists and risk assessors on all the issues. There were a number of important ideas developed to help continue the discussion and improve communication over the next few years.     

试论经济合同文字表达问题

随着商品经济的迅速发展,因经济合同文字表达不当引起的纠纷时有发生.其常见弊病主要以下几个方面:一是条款规定不明确。致使理解不一;二是必要条款残缺或欠具体;三是词不达意造成误解或曲解;四是粗心疏漏.误写.本文主要通过一些具体的经济合同案例来说明这些问题,以引起人们警示,从而避免出现类似现象.     

对长江上游地区生态环境建设产业化道路改革的思考

以长江上游地区生态环境建设为例 ,阐释了我国社会主义市场经济体制下和林业深化改革进程中生态环境建设产业化的内涵 ,分析了其产业化发展条件和影响因素 ,对其产业化发展思路进行了探讨。     

防灾工程项目评估的基本问题

在分析防灾工作项目特点的项目上,提出了防灾工程项目评估的基本原则,对并防灾工程项目效益和费用的确认与计量问题进行讨论,为进一步研究防灾工程项目评估理论和方法奠定了基础。     

甘肃省土壤盐渍化及其对生态环境的损害评估

介绍了甘肃省土壤盐渍化的状况,分析了引起土壤盐渍化的因素,并进行了土壤盐渍化对生态环境损害的经济评估,甘肃省的盐渍化土壤主要分布在河西走廊,其中以酒泉地区,张掖地区和武威地区最为严重。盐渍化土壤类型主要为典型盐土、沼泽盐土、碱化盐土和干旱盐土。导致盐渍化的因素有气候、地形、水文地质、土壤质地等自然因素,以及灌溉方式和耦作制度等人为因素。全省重度盐渍化土壤对生态环境损害造成的经济损失至少达140亿元（1996年币值）。由于种种原因,有关盐渍化对土壤生态环境服务功能的损害,目前还没有进行经济评估,但这方面的工作应该予以考虑。     

Vector-Borne Diseases, Development & Climate Change

Vector-borne diseases are feared to extend their range in a future where global warming has occurred. There is considerable concern about scourges such as malaria re-invading currently temperate regions and reaching into higher altitudes in Africa. In this paper we examine the various factors thought to determine potential infectivity of malaria, and its actual outbreak in the context of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We quantify: (i) the role of demographics in placing a larger population in harms way; (ii) the role of climate change in increasing the potential geographic range and severity of the risk of infection; and (iii) the role of economic and social development in limiting the occurrence of malaria. We then explore the climate and economic implications of various climate policies in their effectiveness to limit potential infectivity of malaria. In illustration of these issues we present the climate-related and economics-related impacts of unilateral CO₂ control by OECD on incidence of malaria in non-OECD nations. The model presented here, although highly stylized in its representation of socio-economic factors, provides strong evidence of the role of socio-economic factors in determination of malaria incidence. The case study offers insights into unintended adverse consequences of well-meaning climate policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北疆退牧还草工程效益、存在的问题及对策

新疆实施退牧还草工程以来,不仅有效的保护了天然草地,改善了区域生态环境,而且促进了畜牧业生产结构、牧区生产和生活方式的改变,提高了牧民的收入。但在工程实施的同时,仍存在建设内容单一、规划设计、草地围栏管护与利用监管不落实、饲料粮补助标准偏低等问题。如何因地制宜做好退牧还草工程,本文针对北疆退牧还草工程实施中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策与建议。