以特殊环境功能区思路突破传统环境功能区划困境——新疆“十一五”环境功能区划新思维

以往的环境功能区划将城市或某一区域作为整个目标范围的功能区划,这种方法划分环境功能区不是过细就是过笼统,使保护目标定的过高或过低。环境功能区划模糊,无法从整体上解决城市结构性污染和布局不合理的现象,达不到“分级管理、分类保护、分区防治”的环境管理目的。针对新疆特殊绿洲环境特征,本文提出新的区划方法,重新对全疆各地环境功能进行特殊环境功能区划,以期明确各类特殊环境功能区的主要特点、主要问题、主导功能和建设要求,在今后的可持续发展过程中,为国民经济和社会发展提供科学的决策依据,将对新疆社会经济的快速、稳定、持续发展具有十分现实和深远的意义。     

工业复合源大气污染长期扩散浓度模拟计算

在工业复合源大气扩散模式研究的基础上,改造传统大气污染物长期扩散模型,引入了平滑函数,使相邻扇区的交界处具有连续性,提出了计算精度。对于复合源采用坐标变换的方法,解决不同种类,多源污染物季平均浓度值叠加的难题。     

Respiratory health of road-side vendors in a large industrialized city

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The literature reports a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms associated with exposure to motor vehicle exhaust emissions and people exposed to vehicle emissions are at risk of reduced lung function and cardiovascular performance. Although the effect of traffic emissions is a known risk to respiratory health, retailers are often situated along major roads in a busy urban environment to maximise customers. Shop assistants in an air-conditioned environment should be less exposed to traffic fumes and their lung function should be better preserved compared to 'unprotected' vendors exposed directly to vehicle emissions. The lung function of these two groups of workers has not previously been compared. The aims of this study are to determine if there is a difference in the concentration of respirable particles of diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) inside and outside air-conditioned shops along a busy major road; and to compare the lung function parameters, blood lead levels and respiratory symptoms between road-side vendors directly 'exposed' to traffic fumes and vendors working in 'protected' air-conditioned shops along the same road. METHODS: Roadside vendors (n=33) and adjacent shop assistants (n=31) were recruited for the study in a district known to have high emissions and pollution measures. All subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire providing the frequency of their respiratory symptoms. Spirometry pulmonary function tests were conducted and exhaled carbon monoxide levels (ECO), oxygen saturation and blood lead levels (BLL) were measured. PM10 level was concurrently measured in the subject's working environment. Pulmonary function data and ECO levels collected from a cohort of university staff aged > or = 30 years (n=92) at a university campus were included for comparison. RESULTS: The concentration of particulate matter (PM10) at the roadside (210 +/- 70 microg/m3) was significantly higher than inside the shops (130 +/- 40 microg/m3). There was no difference in lung function parameters or BLL between the groups, however the forced vital capacity of both groups of vendors was significantly lower than a 'control' cohort of academic institution personnel (n=92). DISCUSSION: This study illustrated that while the level of pollution improved with air conditioning, this may not be sufficient to prevent respiratory consequences. Our data suggests that a reduction in occupational exposure is not enough to protect these workers. CONCLUSIONS: Air-conditioned work environment is insufficient to protect the respiratory system against the adverse effects of exposure to vehicle emissions. RECOMMENDATIONS: The overwhelming effect of exposure during travel to and from work and at home cannot be underestimated. More stringent guidelines to control pollution appear necessary to protect the respiratory health of both shop-keepers and road-side vendors and further studies to explore the effect on respiratory health of the exposure to pollutants associated with commuting to and from work are warranted.     

厌氧抑制动力学的表函数统一模型和实验方法

为解决传统抑制动力学模型存在的形式不统一及参数获取困难等问题,采用表函数的方法对抑制动力学进行表述.通过引进表函数方法,对动力学测定实验方法提出了改进,采用DYNAMO软件进行数据处理.对2,4-二硝基酚抑制现象进行模拟研究.结果表明,用表函数的方法对抑制现象进行模拟是可行的.相比较传统抑制动力学,表函数的模拟曲线更加贴近实验数据,形式简单而统一,同时解决了参数获取的问题.在对复杂抑制现象进行模拟时,表函数方法具有较大优势,并可以在一定程度上简化模型的结构.     

安徽省沿江地区生态功能分区研究

在"中部崛起"战略和安徽省"沿江开发"战略的指引下,安徽沿江地区得以快速发展。合理划定区域生态功能区,确保经济发展与环境保护相协调具有重要现实意义。以GIS技术为支撑,从自然生态约束分区评价着手,以安徽沿江41个县市为基本单元,选择山地、水网、湿地、水环境容量等指标进行生态功能差异评价,经聚类归并以及兼顾功能区的完整连片,将安徽沿江地区划分为4个一级生态功能区1、4个二级生态功能区。安徽沿江地区生态功能分区对科学有效地管理安徽沿江生态环境,因地制宜地实施保护和治理策略,保证社会经济可持续发展,合理开发安徽沿江地区提供了研究支撑。     

好氧/厌氧潜流湿地微生物多样性与净化能力的关系

好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD和NH4＋-N具有较高的去除率.为了探究该类型湿地高效去除污染物的具体机制,采用荧光素双醋酸酯（FDA）法、4,6-联脒—2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）法和BIOLOG法测定了人工湿地基质中微生物的活性、数量和代谢功能多样性,并分析其与水质净化能力之间的相关性.结果表明,沿水流方向,OA...     

渭河流域水体细菌群落的环境响应及生态功能预测

流域水体中细菌群落多样性及其代谢功能研究对流域水污染整治及生态修复和水体健康评价具有重要价值.基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术研究渭河流域陕西境内综合治理后水体中细菌群落分布特性,利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法分析了水体细菌群落与水环境因子的相关关系,并采用PICRUSt (phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states)方法预测和评价了渭河流域细菌群落生态功能.研究结果显示,变形菌门、放线细菌门、蓝藻门和拟杆菌门细菌是水体细菌群落中的主要菌门,占整个细菌群落的相对丰度高达85%,这类细菌与水体中的TP、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和TN呈显著的正相关关系(P=0. 02 0. 05);灞河入渭口下游(S5)细菌群落丰度最高,皂河(S4)细菌群落丰度最低;渭河流域水体致使人类患传染性疾病的可能性较大,且对生物体内分泌系统有较大的影响.本研究成果可为渭河流域水环境健康有序发展提供理论基础.     

A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses

A large quantity of toxic chemical pollutants possibly remains in reclaimed water due to the limited removal efficiency in traditional reclamation processes. It is not enough to guarantee the safety of reclaimed water using conventional water quality criteria. An integrated assessment method based on toxicity test is necessary to vividly depict the safety of reclaimed water for reuse. A toxicity test battery consisting of lethality, genotoxicity and endocrine disrupting effect was designed to screen the multiple biological effects of residual toxic chemicals in reclaimed water. The toxicity results of reclaimed water were converted into the equivalent concentrations of the corresponding positive reference substances（EQC）. Simultaneously, the predicted no-effect concentration（PNEC） of each positive reference substance was obtained by analyzing the species sensitivity distribution（SSD） of toxicity data. An index ＂toxicity score＂ was proposed and valued as 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the ratio of the corresponding EQC to PNEC. For vividly ranking the safety of reclaimed water, an integrated assessment index ＂toxicity rank＂ was proposed, which was classified into A, B, C, or D rank with A being the safest. The proposed method was proved to be effective in evaluating reclaimed water samples in case studies.     

基于后向轨迹模式的豫南地区冬季PM2.5来源分布及传输分析

为研究2017年12月—2018年2月冬季不同来源区域对豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献影响及污染特征,利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式模拟了豫南地区冬季24 h的气团后向轨迹,结合ρ（PM_2.5）在线监测数据进行了聚类分析,研究了以豫南地区为受点的各月份PM_2.5不同轨迹的输送特征,并使用潜在源贡献（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法识别了豫南地区冬季PM_2.5的潜在贡献源区及贡献大小.结果表明:①信阳市空气质量最好,其次为驻马店市,南阳市空气质量最差;南阳市、信阳市和驻马店市ρ（PM_2.5）分别超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值（75 μg/m3）的1.5、1.2和1.2倍,ρ（PM_2.5）日变化均呈双峰特征.②后向轨迹聚类分析表明,豫南地区主要受到来自西北和东北方向长距离传输和正南方向较短距离输送的影响.③潜在源区分析表明,除豫南地区及周边市县本地污染贡献外,冀鲁豫交界区域、陕鄂交界区域、陕西省中西部、湖北省东北部和西部、河南省中北部、山东省南部是影响豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的主要潜在源区.研究显示,豫南地区PM_2.5污染过程除了与地形条件、本地污染源排放有关外,来自东北、西北传输通道城市的远距离输送和南部的近距离传输也不容忽视.      

上海市售海产贝类食用安全质量评价及分级

依据无公害食用安全标准,采用单项质量指数法和综合质量指数法,对15种上海市售海产贝类中的4项重金属指标进行了质量评价及食用分级.结果表明,市售海产贝类食用安全质量总体良好,所测样品的总Hg、多数样品的As、Pb和Cd含量均符合食用安全标准;15种市售海产贝类中,2种处于危险食用水平,1种处于谨慎食用水平,处于基本安全食用和放心食用安全水平的分别有4种和8种.