克隆植物的碳素生理整合及其生态学效应

碳素整合是克隆植物生理整合过程中非常重要的一部分,是克隆植物生存、生长、繁殖的物质基础.克隆植物碳素整合的基本机制具有一定的共同性或相似性,但克隆植物的种类不同、所处生境以及发育阶段不同或所受到的干扰、胁迫的程度不同,其碳素整合的范围、强度、方向、过程等也有所差异.本文对克隆植物碳素生理整合的基本特征、生态效应以及主要的影响因素进行了详细分析,并对迄今有关克隆植物碳素整合的最新研究进展进行了系统总结.同时,对碳素整合的主要研究方法进行了评价与展望,认为在今后研究中,应加强对克隆植物碳素整合的遗传学基础的研究,同时对于碳素整合的生理学、解剖学和生态学机制的研究也亟待深入.     

Landfill gas - a potential environmental hazard

Methane derived from the decomposition of organic material contained within a landfill may escape beyond the site boundary where it can pose an explosion or fire hazard. Methods are described to prevent die occurrence of such lateral gas migration. Problems due to the accumulation of gas in buildings, erected on landfill sites, have occurred and techniques are now available to overcome these at some sites. However, it is recognized that at other sites, redevelopment should not be allowed to take place on die grounds of safety.     

城市生态空间冲突分析与系统优化方法

为适应国土空间整合理论方法的迫切需求,建立由冲突源、冲突区、冲突影响组成的城市生态空间冲突分析框架,其案例应用表明:城市生态空间的社会经济第一冲突源并不突出,政策驱动力构成首要冲突源;城市汇水区渗透性能下降,产流增加,汇流速度加快,形成上游高地型、中下游沿岸型、下游低洼型及沿山型等4种冲突类型,采用城市雨洪模型（SWMM）辨识出4种内涝区及分布类型;针对冲突源、空间优化核心和末端排水建立城市生态空间系统优化目标体系,重点提出“点线面”结合的空间优化核心路径。研究为国土空间整合提供理论与方法支撑,并涵盖国际雨洪管理演替过程,有助于对当前大规模土地开发转型及海绵城市建设理念的本土认识。     

淮海经济区城乡空间融合格局及形成机制

城乡融合发展是解决城乡差距过大、城乡不平衡不协调问题的关键举措,也是城乡动态均衡的发展过程。聚落镶嵌、交通可达、发展均衡是城乡融合发展的空间表象。基于空间视角构建城乡融合发展的评价指标体系,综合运用景观分析、可达性分析和耦合协调分析等方法揭示淮海经济区城乡空间融合发展的要素格局特征,并结合回归模型探究其形成机制。结论如下：（1）城乡空间融合是城乡结构优化的进程,可以从城乡聚落连通性、城乡交通便捷性和城乡发展均衡性等方面研判城乡空间融合发展的综合水平。（2）淮海经济区城乡空间融合发展的各要素指标存在较大差异,综合水平指标由中心向外围递减,可划分为协调融合型、协调关联型和欠协调分割型三种地域类型。（3）经济发展水平、城乡规模、产业关联是影响该区域城乡空间融合的关键动力因素,而传统农业和工业的推动作用不显著。镇域和村域尺度城乡融合发展的理论和实证研究是后续工作的重要方向。     

“流空间”视域下淮海经济区城乡融合发展驱动机制

从要素流动多维重构淮海经济区城乡融合评价体系,以动态耦合协调度模型测度城乡融合水平并分析其时空分异规律,最后从“流空间”视角探索城乡融合发展驱动机制。结果表明：（1）研究区城乡融合水平整体较低但趋势向好,其正向空间关联和局域内向集聚特征明显。（2）流空间视角下区域呈多中心网络结构,且在人流和资金流下相对紧密,而物流和信息流下“核—辐”结构突出。（3）推动核心区集聚效应转向扩散效应,发挥各城市节点比较优势,合理调节要素流动强度、方向和质量,并在实施地方和国家政策时配套相关制度,方能实现淮海经济区城乡融合“量”“质”同升。     

二龙湖表层水体有色溶解有机物的光学特性及来源

CDOM（colored dissolved organic material,有色溶解有机物）的光学特性可反映水体中内源物质与外源物质的比例,为了解二龙湖受到上游来水所含污染物的影响,利用荧光区域一体化技术和荧光指数分析水体中CDOM的荧光特性,进而判定水体污染状况,并结合CDOM荧光组分与水质参数之间的关系,探讨了不同季节二龙湖水体中CDOM光学特性在时空分布上的差异性以及CDOM的组成与来源.结果表明:①水相中CDOM表现出明显的季节性差异.其中,光谱斜率S_g（275~295 nm）和E_{250 nm:365 nm}〔a_CDOM（250）/a_CDOM（365）〕均表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,SUVA_{254 nm}表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期.②水体中的荧光组分以外源组分R3（富里酸类物质）和R5（腐殖酸类物质）为主,在枯水期、丰水期和平水期分别占总荧光强度的70.0%、60.4%和51.3%.③在丰水期、枯水期、平水期,FI_{310 nm}平均值均大于0.8,FI_{370 nm}平均值均小于1.4,表明在3个水文期,微生物活动带来的内源CDOM在二龙湖南部较为明显.④ρ（DOC）（dissolved organic carbon,溶解性有机碳）与CDOM的荧光组分R2（色氨酸类组分）、R4（可溶性微生物副产物组分）和R5（腐殖酸类组分）均具有较好的相关性,相关系数（R）分别为0.71、0.80、0.73,表明DOC主要源于微生物代谢的可溶性副产物及浮游植物的降解.研究显示:水体中CDOM主要组成为内源的色氨酸与微生物蛋白质类副产物以及外源的富里酸类与腐殖酸类有机物;同时,由于冰冻、降水、生活污水排放、农业废水和水生植物等因素,导致湖泊中的CDOM的组分与来源十分复杂.      

Addressing the challenges of implementing safety instrumented systems in multi-product batch processes

Adapting the requirements of IEC 61511 to a batch system can be frustrating, particularly for multi-product units. While a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) for continuous operation is often a straightforward detect-decide-act loop, implementing a SIS for a batch system may involve multiple safety functions, time- or state-dependence, intricate calculations, or complex installations. Relationships between the SIS elements and the basic process control system (BPCS) must be tightly managed, providing both for the safety of the unit and its ability to operate without spurious trips or other hindrances. These issues are further complicated when multiple products requiring different functions or setpoints are produced in the same SIS-protected batch unit.This paper will discuss the challenges particular to the design, operation, and maintenance of a SIS in multi-product batch operations and present practical options for successfully resolving the concerns. A key insight into successful adaptation is treating the batch SIS as a “permission” system for the BPCS to operate. Although many items can be addressed through clever engineering practices, sustainable success relies on proactive, robust management of the safety lifecycle.     

Effect of ignition position on vented hydrogen–air deflagration in a 1 m3 vessel

This study investigates the effect of the ignition position on vented hydrogen-air deflagration in a 1 m³ vessel and evaluates the performance of the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLACS in simulating the vented explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures. First, the differences in the measured pressure-time histories for various ignition locations are presented, and the mechanisms responsible for the generation of different pressure peaks are explained, along with the flame behavior. Secondly, the CFD software FLACS is assessed against the experimental data. The characteristic phenomena of vented explosion are observed for hydrogen-air mixtures ignited at different ignition positions, such as Helmholtz oscillation for front ignition, the interaction between external explosion and combustion inside the vessel for central ignition, and the wall effect for back-wall ignition. Flame-acoustic interaction are observed in all cases, particularly in those of front ignition and very lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The predicted flame behavior agree well with the experimental data in general while the simulated maximum overpressures are larger than the experimental values by a factor of 1.5–2, which is conservative then would lead to a safe design of explosion panels for instance. Not only the flame development during the deflagration was well-simulated for the different ignition locations, but also the correspondence between the pressure transients and flame behavior was also accurately calculated. The comparison of the predicted results with the experimental data shows the performance of FLACS to model vented mixtures of hydrogen with air ignited in a lab scale vessel. However, the experimental scale is often smaller than that used in practical scenarios, such as hydrogen refueling installations. Thus, future large-scale experiments are necessary to assess the performance of FLACS in practical use.     

Thermal runaway reaction for highly exothermic material in safe storage temperature

Highly exothermic materials have caused many serious accidents involving storage and transportation, due to being thermally reactive. The safe storage and management of these materials is still a critical problem in many countries. Our aim was to study the thermal hazard of thermal reactive materials, such as a propellant, by employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) non-isothermal tests and isothermal tests, and then comparing the kinetic parameters by isothermal and non-isothermal of kinetics. The chosen approach was to obtain reliable thermal decomposition by a safe and effective method, which acquired the kinetic and safety parameters of storage conditions that could be applied as highly exothermic materials' reduction of loss prevention and energy potential for safer design during storage transport and processing operations.     

Gas explosion analysis of safety gap effect on the innovating FLNG vessel with a cylindrical platform

After investigating gas dispersion on a cylindrical Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) platform (Li et al, 2016), this second article focuses on assessment of gas explosion by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Gas explosion simulations are carried out to evaluate the explosion overpressure mitigating effect of safety gap. The Data-dump technique, which is an effective tool in resetting turbulence length scale in gas explosion overpressure calculation, is applied to ensure simulation accuracy for the congestion scenario with safety gap. Two sets of different safety gaps are designed to investigate the safety gap on the cylindrical FLNG platform, the overall results indicate that the safety gap is effective in reducing overpressure in two adjacent congestions. However, for the explosion scenario where the flame is propagating through several safety gaps to the far field congestion, the safety gap mitigates overpressure only in certain explosion protecting targets. Two series of artificial configurations are modeled to further investigate the explosion scenarios with more than two safety gaps in one direction. It is concluded that the optimal safety gap design in overpressure mitigation for the cylindrical FLNG platform is to balance the safety gap distance ratio in the congested regions.