Exploration of Science Parks

Abstract

Science parks have developed greatly in the world, whereas empirical researches have showed that science parks based on linear model cannot guarantee the creation of innovation. Hi-tech innovation is derived from flow and management of information. The commercial and social interactions between in-parks and off-park firms and research institutions act as the key determinant for innovation. Industrial clustering is the rational choice for further developing Chinese science parks and solving some problems such as the lack of clear major industries and strong innovation sense, etc.     

HMX的氟橡胶包覆技术及其撞击感度研究

采用超临界流体SAS法,以氟橡胶（FPM2602）为钝化包覆剂,对主体炸药超细奥克托今（HMX）的粒子表面均匀包覆,制备出超细HMX为基传爆药。对系统温度、系统压力、溶液浓度等参数进行实验研究,用红外光谱（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对包覆后超细HMX进行了表征,并对其撞击感度进行了测试。结果表明：溶液浓度是影响包覆效果的最主要因素;当系统温度45℃,系统压力9.5MPa,溶液浓度为0.4g/ml,通气时间为20min条件下,氟橡胶均匀包覆在超细HMX颗粒表面,包覆后颗粒呈0.4-1μm球状,包覆后造型粉特性落高H50为38.50cm（12型工具、2.5kg落锤）,撞击感度比原料（H50为26.30cm）明显降低。     

基于网络的交通安全宣传教育研究

为了建立我国交通安全宣传教育网络平台,通过网络平台进行多形式的交通安全宣传教育。采用网站检索的方法,梳理了国内、外主要城市交通安全宣传教育网站,并从专业性、系统性、针对性、形式多样性等角度进行研究。研究发现国外交通安全网站具有分类细致、系统性强、参与互动性强等特点。因此建议我国应加快明确重点教育人群,建立系统性的、专业的、多形式的交通安全宣教内容,引入社会团体等加入宣传教育的队伍,提高全面积极参与、提高关注度。     

Efficacies of roadway safety improvements across functional subclasses of rural two-lane highways

Introduction

Highway crash occurrence is a leading cause of unnatural deaths, and highway agencies continually seek to identify engineering measures to reduce crashes and to assess the efficacy of such measures. Most past studies on the effectiveness of roadway improvements in terms of crash reduction considered all rural two-lane sections as a single category of roads. However, it may be hypothesized that the differences in the mobility and accessibility characteristics that are reflected in (and due to) the different design standards between different functional subclasses in the rural two-lane highway system can lead to differences in efficacies of safety improvements at these subclasses. This paper investigates the efficacy of roadway improvements, in terms of crash reduction, at the various subclasses of rural two-lane highways.

Methods

An empirical analysis of safety performance at each of the three subclasses of rural two-lane highways was carried out using the negative binomial modeling technique. For each subclass, crash prediction models were developed separately for the three levels of crash severity: property-damage only, injury, and fatal/injury. The crash factors that were considered include lane width, shoulder width, pavement surface friction, pavement condition, and horizontal and vertical alignments. After having developed the safety performance functions, the effectiveness (in terms of the extent of crash reduction, for different levels of crash severity) of highway safety enhancements at each highway subclass were determined using the theoretical concepts established in past literature. These enhancements include widening lanes, widening shoulders, enhancing pavement surface friction, and improving the vertical or horizontal alignment.

Results and Conclusion

The study found that there is empirical evidence to justify the decomposition of the family of rural two-lane roads into its constituent subclasses for purposes of analyzing the effectiveness of safety enhancement projects and thus to avoid underestimation or overestimation of benefits of safety improvements at this class of highways.     

The impact of the BP Baker report

Introduction

This study examined the impact of the British Petroleum (BP) Baker Panel Report, reviewing the March 2005 BP-Texas City explosion, on the field of process safety.

Method

Three hundred eighty-four subscribers of a process safety listserv responded to a survey two years after the BP Baker Report was published.

Results

Results revealed respondents in the field of process safety are familiar with the BP Baker Report, feel it is important to the future safety of chemical processing, and believe that the findings are generalizable to other plants beyond BP-Texas City. Respondents indicated that few organizations have administered the publicly available BP Process Safety Culture Survey. Our results also showed that perceptions of contractors varied depending on whether respondents were part of processing organizations (internal perspective) or government or consulting agencies (external perspective).

Conclusions

This research provides some insight into the beliefs of chemical processing personnel regarding the transportability and generalizability of lessons learned from one organization to another.

Impact on Industry

This study has implications for both organizational scientists and engineers in that it reveals perceptions about the primary mechanism used to share lessons learned within one industry about one major catastrophe (i.e., investigation reports). This study provides preliminary information about the perceived impact of a report such as this one.     

Development of an indirect-cost calculation model suitable for workplace use

Introduction: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) stakeholders rarely factor the cost of workplace accidents into prevention spending decisions. The lack of consideration of this key information is related to the fact that the scientific literature has failed to provide OHS stakeholders with a cost-calculation tool that is both sufficiently accurate and does not require a data-collection stage ill-suited to the time constraints of workplace decision-makers. Method: This study reviews the recent literature to identify key elements that should foster the use of indirect-cost calculation methods by decision makers. Results: A “local” approach currently appears to be the best method for calculating indirect costs of workplace incidents or accidents in comparison to “bottom-up” or “top-down” approach. This paper discusses four criteria that this type of approach must satisfy to be compatible with the time constraints and accuracy demands of OHS stakeholders in organizations. In addition, four bases for the development of a new indirect cost estimation model are presented and discussed. Impact on industry: this study provides bases and criteria to help the development of indirect-cost calculation models better suited to workplace use than those currently available.     

Reliability assessment of safety instrumented systems subject to different demand modes

Safety instrumented systems (SISs) are commonly used in the process industry, to respond to hazardous events. In line with the important standard IEC 61508, SISs are generally classified into two types: low-demand systems and high-demand systems. This article explores this classification by studying the SIS reliability for varying demand rates, demand durations, and test intervals. The approach is based on Markov models and is exemplified by two simple system configurations. The SIS reliability is quantified by the probability of failure on demand (PFD) and the frequency of entering a hazardous state that will lead to an accident if the situation is not controlled by additional barriers. The article concludes that very low-demand systems are similar and may be treated as a group. The same applies to very high-demand system. Between these group, there is a rather long interval where the demand rate is neither high-demand nor low-demand. These medium-demand systems need a specific treatment. The article shows that the frequency of entering into a hazardous state increases with the demand rate for low-demand systems, while it is nearly independent of both the demand rate and the demand duration for high-demand systems. The PFD is an adequate measure for the SIS reliability for low-demand systems, but may be confusing and difficult to interpret for high-demand systems.