Reliability assessment of safety instrumented systems subject to different demand modes

Safety instrumented systems (SISs) are commonly used in the process industry, to respond to hazardous events. In line with the important standard IEC 61508, SISs are generally classified into two types: low-demand systems and high-demand systems. This article explores this classification by studying the SIS reliability for varying demand rates, demand durations, and test intervals. The approach is based on Markov models and is exemplified by two simple system configurations. The SIS reliability is quantified by the probability of failure on demand (PFD) and the frequency of entering a hazardous state that will lead to an accident if the situation is not controlled by additional barriers. The article concludes that very low-demand systems are similar and may be treated as a group. The same applies to very high-demand system. Between these group, there is a rather long interval where the demand rate is neither high-demand nor low-demand. These medium-demand systems need a specific treatment. The article shows that the frequency of entering into a hazardous state increases with the demand rate for low-demand systems, while it is nearly independent of both the demand rate and the demand duration for high-demand systems. The PFD is an adequate measure for the SIS reliability for low-demand systems, but may be confusing and difficult to interpret for high-demand systems.     

成果管理的政策导向刍议

从成果管理的政策导向必须是领导行为、成果管理的政策导向作用必须贯穿于管理的全过程、成果管理的政策导向作用是成果管理的原动力等方面探讨了成果管理的导向问题，从而提出了成果管理导向的参考做法。     

地球系统工程与区域环境问题调控的原则

论述了地球系统科学和工程研究的发展历史、研究对象和方法,及其在解决全球性环境危机中的作用;阐述了提高共识、言行一致、保护全球公共资源、实现可持续性目标等地球系统工程的基本原则. 论述了区域性与地球系统环境问题间的关系,提出区域环境问题调控的4条基本原则:系统性调控、区际公平、多方合作、综合手段和共同约束. 指出应注重应用地球系统科学与工程的理论与方法解决区域环境与生态问题;应深入探讨地球系统及区域环境与生态压力在中国现阶段的特征,统筹全局与长远调控区域环境问题;应开展长期连续观测和信息共享,创新调控全球与区域环境与生态的技术、方法.      

Safety climate factors, group differences and safety behaviour in road construction

This study determines the factor structure of safety climate within a road construction organization using a modified version of the safety climate questionnaire (SCQ). It also investigates the relationship between safety climate and safety performance. The SCQ was administered to 192 employees from two districts and in two job categories — construction and maintenance. A behavioural observation measure of safety performance was also developed. Factor analysis derived six factors, which were similar to those obtained in an earlier study using the SCQ. Differences in the safety climate of job sub-groups were found on two of the factors. No differences between the two districts were found. No relationship was found between safety climate and the safety performance measure. While identical safety climate factors cannot apply to all organizations, some general safety climate factors may emerge. Discussion focuses upon the measurement of safety climate.     

计算机辅助事故树分析中的图形输入法

笔者提出计算机辅助事故树分析中事故树数据的图形输入法。通过详细讨论数据采集过程中数据结构的选用和算法设计 ,不但能方便地实现计算机辅助事故树绘图 ,而且在绘图的同时得到事故树的全部数据 ,进而可对事故树进行全部定性和定量分析。这种方法是计算机辅助事故树分析中绘图和数据输入方法的重要补充 ,同时也将有益于其他类型树及图的绘制和分析。最后 ,给出了一个实例 ,应用图形输入法得到满意的结果。该方法不仅是事故树的新绘制方法 ,也是全新的事故树数据输入法 ,是事故树算法的拓展和补充     

系统安全预测的本质与组合预测

详细分析了系统安全预测的内在规律性、有效时间长度及有效性等方面的问题 ,提出了安全预测的本质就是建立系统安全可预测的思想。并针对目前的安全预测方法 ,提出了组合预测法 ,以提高安全预测的精度和准确性     

关于安全逻辑的综合研究及技术探讨

逻辑是一门工具性基础学科 ,在职业安全卫生领域占有重要位置并得到广泛应用 ,从而出现了安全逻辑。笔者概要分析并阐述了安全逻辑所涉及的理论和方法 ;指出安全逻辑学已成为安全科学的一个重要组成部分 ;强调安全逻辑的推广及应用对安全生产有着重要的实用价值和指导意义 ,具有良好的发展前景。笔者通过对安全逻辑的长期研究 ,认为我国“安全逻辑学”的框架及学科理论已基本形成     

安全工程本科教学改革探讨

讨论安全工程本科教学计划改革问题 ;建议修改了安全工程专业的培养模式与目标 ;强调了安全工程这样的综合学科教育更应重基础、淡专业 ;提出了为适应社会需要 ,拓宽专业口径 ,应把信息安全列入安全学科培养体系的之中。     

计算机硬盘驱动器的振动安全性分析

硬盘驱动器是计算机重要的外存储设备。它对随机振动环境较为敏感 ,是控制计算机系统工作安全性和进行信息处理的薄弱环节之一。笔者对计算机硬盘驱动器在随机振动环境下的工作安全性进行了分析 ,提出了导致硬盘工作失效的基本形式 ,针对读写过程中头盘振动响应位置偏移与读写模式间的关系给出了硬盘工作失效的判定方法。有关结果对计算机系统的振动安全分析和评估是有益的探讨。