The potential effect of differential ambient and deployment chamber temperatures on PRC derived sampling rates with polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers

Performance reference compound (PRC) derived sampling rates were determined for polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers in both sub-tropical and temperate locations across Australia. These estimates were on average a factor of 2.7 times higher in summer than winter. The known effects of wind speed and temperature on mass transfer coefficients could not account for this observation. Sampling rates are often derived using ambient temperatures, not the actual temperatures within deployment chambers. If deployment chamber temperatures are in fact higher than ambient temperatures, estimated sampler-air partition coefficients would be greater than actual partition coefficients resulting in an overestimation of PRC derived sampling rates. Sampling rates determined under measured ambient temperatures and estimated deployment chamber temperatures in summer ranged from 7.1 to 10 m³ day⁻¹ and 2.2-6.8 m³ day⁻¹ respectively. These results suggest that potential differences between ambient and deployment chamber temperatures should be considered when deriving PRC-based sampling rates.     

Quantifying sample biases of inland lake sampling programs in relation to lake surface area and land use/cover

We quantified potential biases associated with lakes monitored using non-probability based sampling by six state agencies in the USA (Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ohio, Maine, and New Hampshire). To identify biases, we compared state-monitored lakes to a census population of lakes derived from the National Hydrography Dataset. We then estimated the probability of lakes being sampled using generalized linear mixed models. Our two research questions were: (1) are there systematic differences in lake area and land use/land cover (LULC) surrounding lakes monitored by state agencies when compared to the entire population of lakes? and (2) after controlling for the effects of lake size, does the probability of sampling vary depending on the surrounding LULC features? We examined the biases associated with surrounding LULC because of the established links between LULC and lake water quality. For all states, we found that larger lakes had a higher probability of being sampled compared to smaller lakes. Significant interactions between lake size and LULC prohibit us from drawing conclusions about the main effects of LULC; however, in general lakes that are most likely to be sampled have either high urban use, high agricultural use, high forest cover, or low wetland cover. Our analyses support the assertion that data derived from non-probability-based surveys must be used with caution when attempting to make generalizations to the entire population of interest, and that probability-based surveys are needed to ensure unbiased, accurate estimates of lake status and trends at regional to national scales.     

可吸入颗粒物研究现状及发展综述

可吸入颗粒物严重影响空气质量和人体健康。人类对可吸入颗粒物的研究已经取得了相当多的成果,对其来源、组分及形成等都有了一定的认识。本文详细的综述了这部分内容,并对可吸入颗粒物的采样、分离和分析方法都做了介绍。更深层的认识可吸入颗粒物的生成机理和脱除手段是以后努力研究的方向。     

预测流速法在炼厂高温高压烟道烟尘浓度采样分析中的应用与探讨

对预测流速法用于炼厂高温高压烟道采样分析的可行性进行了探讨，介绍了针对高温高压烟道烟尘采样分析特点进行的技术改进，指出该方法存在的问题和保证分析准确度应采取的措施。     

Gravimetric analysis for PM2.5 mass concentration based on year-round monitoring at an urban site in Beijing

Daily PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 μm) mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(CRAES), in the northern part of the Beijing urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon(T1/T2) and Quartz(Q1/Q2) samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters. Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing,with an annual mean PM_(2.5)mass concentration of 102 μg/m~3. According to the calculated PM_(2.5)mass concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), 30% had slight/medium pollution(75–150 μg/m~3), and 7% had severe pollution( 250 μg/m~3). Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group(75%) in severe pollution periods,resulting in important data being missing. Further analysis showed that high PM_(2.5)combined with high relative humidity(RH) gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM_(2.5)was presented, with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter(peak value in February, 422 μg/m~3), and lower in summer(7 μg/m~3 in June). From May to August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed, with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to remove PM_(2.5). The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with monthly averaged PM_(2.5)of 181 μg/m~3 and 32% of days with severe pollution. The abundance of PM_(2.5)in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for heating needs.     

A proposed standard method for composite sampling of water chemistry and plankton in small lakes

In this paper a method for collection of vertically and horizontally integrated volume-weighted composite samples for analysis of water chemistry and plankton is presented. The method, which requires a proper knowledge of lake morphometry parameters, includes proposed standard procedures for determination of sampling interval thickness, maximum depth of sampling, selection of sampling stations, and distribution of discrete samples. An example of the outcome of the method in a lake with uncomplicated basin morphometry is given and the results are discussed against background of general lake basin morphometry data. The aim of the paper is to start a debate about optimization (statistical as well as ecological) of volume weighted composite sampling.     

气袋采样-苏玛罐转移-GC/MS法测定废气中醛类恶臭物质

采用气袋采样-苏玛罐转移-GC/MS法测定废气中5种醛类恶臭物质,醛类同分异构体能够被完全分离、定性定量。保存时间验证试验表明,5种低浓度醛类在Tedler采样袋和PVDFs采样袋中能稳定存放12 h,高浓度醛类能较稳定地保存24 h,转移至苏玛罐中的样品能够稳定存放至少14 d。方法在4×10~(-10)～2×10~(-8)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.127μg/m~3～0.207μg/m~3,混合标气6次测定结果的RSD为3.4%～8.8%,加标回收率为103%～114%。     

浮游动物DNA宏条形码多样性监测采样方法研究

浮游动物是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境因子敏感,是水生生态健康状况的重要指示生物.基于传统形态学的浮游动物调查方法无法鉴定桡足类幼体,难以准确了解浮游动物群落组成.DNA宏条形码技术基于DNA序列差异识别物种,为浮游动物群落组成的准确解析提供了新方法.比较了不同浮游动物采样方法(直接过滤法和网富集法)对浮游动物D...     

大气中不同形态汞的采集和分析方法

作为一种环境优先污染物,汞对人体和其它生物毒性很大。大气是全球汞生物地球化学循环的重要场所。不同形态的汞由于理化性质不同,迁移转化过程及其对生态环境的影响也不同,准确测定大气环境中各种形态的汞对于了解其在大气中的行为具有重要意义。1990年以来,大气汞的采集和分析方法技术已经取得了长足进步,一些自动测汞仪、低汞空白和高时间分辨率的采样及分析技术相继出现,使得准确测定大气中不同形态的痕量汞成为可能。文章就国内外近10多年来在这些方面所取得的研究进展进行了回顾和总结,主要介绍了气态总汞、颗粒态汞、活性气态汞、甲基汞等的采集和分析方法。     

煤矿井下故障电信号快速检测电路的动态研究

对利用动态整定实现故障电信号快速检测电路的动态特性进行了分析和模拟实验。用数字贮存示波器（ＤＳＯ）记录了各参量的动态变化过程,结果表明,快速检测电路在动态下能对故障电信号进行快速检测,采样时间短