城市带状绿地空气负离子水平及其影响因子

以北京市西四环旁侧城市带状绿地作为研究对象,采用小尺度测定的方法,分析城市带状绿地空气负离子水平及其影响因子。结果表明：城市带状绿地空气负离子浓度的日变化与季节变化均较明显;清晨时段负离子浓度较高,中午时段空气负离子浓度较低;7月空气负离子浓度最高,12月最低;空气负离子浓度与温度分别呈显著负相关（4、7月）、显著正相关（12月）,与相对湿度呈显著正相关,与空气含菌量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

三峡库区香溪河消落区土壤重金属生态风险评价

采用原子吸收光谱法测定香溪河消落区(海拔145～≤175 m)及其上缘(海拔＞175～185 m)土壤中Pb,Cu,Cd和Cr含量. 并用单因子指数法、多因子综合评价法以及Hakanson生态风险指数法评价了土样中重金属综合污染效应. 结果表明,消落区上缘土壤各重金属含量明显高于消落区土壤,多因子综合评价结果表明,前者处于重度污染状态,而消落区土壤基本处于轻度污染状态,部分处于安全或警戒线状态;影响香溪河消落区土壤环境的主要重金属污染因子为Cd,Pb和Cr. 生态风险评价得出4种重金属的生态风险大小顺序为Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu,生态风险指数(RI)在消落区上缘土壤的平均值为219.85,在消落区土壤为34.32,上缘土壤大部分处于重金属中等或可观级生态风险. 可能是由于季节性水淹原因,消落区土壤都处于低等级生态风险.      

平果热电厂皮带上煤除尘系统的改造

对平果热电厂皮带上煤除尘系统失效进行了故障诊断 ,对故障产生的主要原因诱导风流进行了详细的分析 ,采取了可行的改进措施     

长江经济带PM2.5分布格局演变及其影响因素

2000年以来,长江经济带高强度的人类社会经济活动引发了严峻的环境污染问题,灰霾污染尤为严重.研究该区域PM_2.5浓度的时空格局与影响因素是落实新发展理念、推进区域大气污染综合防治的迫切需要.本文基于遥感反演数据,研究了2000～2016年长江经济带PM_2.5浓度分布格局的演变过程,利用地理加权回归模型揭示了自然和社会经济因素对其影响的时空非平稳性.结果表明:①PM_2.5浓度分布总体表现为东高西低,且城市群污染特征明显.②以2007年为界, 2000～2016年PM_2.5年均浓度经历了逐年上升和波动下降的过程,年均浓度由27.2μg·m^-3上升至44.1μg·m^-3后, 2016年降至33.6μg·m^-3.污染范围则先由长三角城市群、长江中游城市群和成渝城市群核心区域向四周快速扩展, 2007年后开始往回收缩.③空间自相关分析表明,PM_2.5浓度分布有显著的正空间自相关性,热点持续稳定地分布在上海、江苏、安徽中北...     

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Abstract

Objective: Highly reclined postures may be common among passengers in future automated vehicles. A laboratory study was conducted to address the need for posture and belt fit in these seating configurations.

Methods: In a laboratory vehicle mockup, the postures of 24 men and women with a wide range of body size were measured in a typical front vehicle seat at seat back angles of 23°, 33°, 43°, and 53°. Data were gathered with and without a sitter-adjusted headrest. Posture was characterized by the locations of skeletal joint centers estimated from digitized surface landmarks.

Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that the pelvis rotated rearward and lumbar spine flexion decreased with increasing recline. The lap portion of the 3-point belt was more rearward relative to the pelvis in more-reclined postures, and the torso portion crossed the clavicle closer to the midline of the body. Regression equations were developed to predict posture and belt fit variables as a function of passenger characteristics, seat back angle, and the use of the headrest.

Conclusions: Spine posture changes as the torso reclines in an automotive seat, and belt fit is altered by the change in posture. The results can be used to accurately position crash test dummies and computation human models and to guide the design of belt restraints.     

Implications of head and neck restraint test repeatability for specification improvement

Objective: Since 2005, National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Incorporated (NASCAR) drivers have been required to use a head and neck restraint system (HNR) that complies with SFI Foundation, Inc. (SFI) 38.1. The primary purpose of the HNR is to control and limit injurious neck loads and head kinematics during frontal and frontal oblique impacts. The SFI 38.1 performance specification was implemented to establish a uniform test procedure and minimum standard for the evaluation of HNRs using dynamic sled testing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of the current SFI 38.1 test setup and explore the effects of a polyester seat belt restraint system.

Method: Eight sled tests were conducted using the SFI 38.1 sled test protocol with additional test setup constraints. Four 0° frontal tests and 4 30° right frontal (RF) oblique tests were conducted. The first 3 tests of each principal direction of force (PDOF) used nylon SFI 16.1 seat belt restraint assemblies. The fourth test of each PDOF used polyester SFI 16.6 seat belt restraint assemblies. A secondary data set (Lab B Data) was also supplied by the HNR manufacturer for further comparisons. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 18571 objective comparison method was used to quantify the repeatability of the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) resultant head, chest, and pelvis acceleration and upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories across multiple tests.

Results: Two data sets generated using the SFI 38.1 test protocol exhibited large variations in mean ISO scores of ATD channels. The 8 tests conducted with additional setup constraints had significantly lower mean ISO score coefficients of variation (CVs). The Lab B tests conducted within the current specification but without the additional test setup constraints had larger mean ISO score standard deviation and CV for all comparisons. Specifically, tests with the additional setup constraints had average CVs of 3.3 and 2.9% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively. Lab B tests had average CVs of 22.9 and 24.5%, respectively. Polyester seat belt comparisons had CVs of 5.3 and 6.2% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively.

Conclusion: With the addition of common test setup constraints, which do not violate the specification, the SFI 38.1 test protocol produced a repeatable test process for determining performance capabilities of HNRs within a single sled lab. A limited study using polyester webbing seat belt assemblies versus the nylon material called for in SFI 38.1 indicates that the material likely has less effects on ATD upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories than the test setup freedom currently available within the specification. The additional test setup constraints are discussed and were shown to improve ATD response repeatability for a given HNR.     

Population-based assessment of a vehicle fleet with seat belts providing lower shoulder belt forces than today

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify the population-based effects of a lower shoulder belt load limit on front row occupants in frontal car crashes.

Method: Crashes of modern vehicles from the GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) are corrected for bias and projected to the national level. Injury risk functions are computed for the injury severity levels Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 2+, MAIS 3+, and fatal, stratified by 2 age cohorts (16–44 years of age and 45 years or older). To assess the field effectivity of a “softer belt,” the projected crash frequency data are modified separately for the 2 age cohorts such that its risk structure represents the risk of a softer belt. Given those 2 samples, the field effectivity of a softer belt is derived for several shares of the younger age cohort according to the injury severity levels MAIS 2+, MAIS 3+, and fatal.

Results: The injury risk distribution of the projected crash frequency data, represented here by the injury risk functions obtained, fits well into the injury risk distribution of other data sets (Sweden, United States, and Japan) given in the literature. The relative effects of a lower belt force are stable over the different ratios of the younger and old age cohorts. At the MAIS 2+ level, a lower belt force can significantly reduce the number of injuries (about 10%). A lower belt force does not significantly affect the number of MAIS 3+ injuries. A lower belt force can, however, more than double the number of fatal injuries.

Conclusions: Because the number of fatal injuries rises dramatically due to lower belt force, the reduction in the number of MAIS 2+ injuries comes at a very high cost. Therefore, whether reducing the belt force limit is the right approach is questionable.     

干熄焦地下皮带通廊焦粉燃爆可能性研究

为研究干熄焦焦粉燃爆的可能性,在某焦化厂干熄焦输焦皮带机头和除尘站两个位置,取焦粉尘样进行工业分析和粒度分析,并测量地下皮带通廊代表段的焦粉尘浓度。分析显示,干熄焦地下皮带通廊焦粉水分较低,均低于3%;所选两个位置的粒度分布较为接近;实验测得所取焦粉尘的爆炸下限质量浓度在160~180 g/m~3之间。现场地下皮带通廊焦粉质量浓度值最高为8.95 g/m~3,远低于其爆炸下限,燃爆的可能性较低。     

黄河对滨海湿地地表水可溶性盐的影响研究

对滨海湿地黄河周边地表水的可溶性盐分差异进行研究,结果表明:距离黄河越远,地表水pH越小,电导率越大;垂直河道地表水全盐含量为,黄河水<距河道5 Km农田附近地表水<距河道7 Km柽柳附近地表水<距河道8 Km碱蓬附近地表水,反映出黄河对周边的淡水补给.在雨季,地表水中HCO3-含量被稀释,使得pH高于旱季,而电导率、全盐含量小于旱季;阴离子中的氯离子以及阳离子中的钠离子含量较大、尤其是碱蓬群落附近的地表水,反映出植被对环境的适应与改善.     

韧性剪切带的地球化学变异研究──以胶南造山带北缘剪切带为例

胶南造山带北缘剪切带，随着变形程度的增强，其构造岩的岩石化学成分发生明显的变异；在总结成分变异特征的基础上，分析了成分变异与体积变化、渗流流体作用的关系．确定了体积变化是造成构造岩成分变异的主要原因；同时存在大量的渗流流体作用，造成一些组分的迁移。在此基础上，讨论了花岗质构造岩在韧性变形过程中成分的迁移规律。