One-step formation of oligopeptide-like molecules from Glu and Asp in hydrothermal environments

Biopolymer accumulation in the absence of enzymes is an essential step for the chemical evolution of primitive life-like systems, and successful simulation experiments of prebiotic biopolymer formation have suggested that oligopeptides could have formed near submarine hydrothermal vent environments on primitive earth. However, the yield and length of oligopeptides -- typically limited to 6-mers -- seems to be inadequate. One reason is the rapid formation of diketopiperazines (DKPs) from dipeptides. In this study, using a hydrothermal microflow reactor, we show that the one-step synthesis of oligopeptide-like molecules of length up to 20-mers proceeds from Glu and Asp. Yields of up to 0.17-0.57% were obtained in an acidic solution within 183 s at 250-310 degrees C, as evaluated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis and different types of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The present study indicates that Glu and Asp may have played important roles in the chemical evolution of oligopeptide-like molecules in hydrothermal vent environments on primitive earth.     

新型纳米材料光催化反应器研究

为了充分发挥纳米材料的光催化性能,研制了一种带有旋转叶片且可负载光催化纳米材料的光催化反应器.并以制备的纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合材料作为光催化剂、TNT生产废水为处理对象,考察了催化材料附载量、废水浓度和多次重复使用对反应器催化降解效率的影响.结果表明:附载有光催化纳米材料的反应器经过6次6h重复使用,对TNT生产废水催化降解效率仍然保持在75%以上,远高于直接分散在废水中纳米材料的处理效率(47.25%),即多次重复使用并保持高降解效率;而且可较好地避免纳米光催化材料的团聚.避免因回收造成的纳米材料光催化效率降低以及回收不完全造成的水体二次污染等现象.     

A2N双污泥反硝化除磷系统微生物的先间歇后连续培养及快速启动

以实际生活污水为对象,研究了反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）的驯化培养以及A₂N双污泥反硝化除磷系统的快速启动.采用先独立培养反硝化聚磷菌和好氧硝化生物膜再连续运行的方式成功地快速启动了A₂N系统.采用污水处理厂除磷工艺中的活性污泥为种泥,在SBR系统中以先A/O（厌氧/好氧）后A/A（厌氧/缺氧）的方式运行,32 d成功地使反硝化聚磷菌成为优势菌属.在SBR反应器中,采用硝化效果较好的活性污泥为种泥,好氧硝化生物膜30 d挂膜成功,氨氮去除率稳定在99%以上.然后,A₂N系统连续运行,11 d后系统反硝化除磷效果进入稳定状态,出水氨氮和正磷酸盐浓度均为0,硝态氮为10.26 mg/L ,出水COD为19.56 mg/L ,COD、氨氮、总氮和磷去除率分别为91%、100%、77%和100%,说明A₂N系统具有很好的脱氮除磷效果,认为系统启动成功.     

包埋固定化微生物厌氧反应器启动特性研究

为克服难降解废水厌氧微生物反应器启动初期生物易流失和启动过程缓慢的缺点,将厌氧絮状污泥进行固定化包埋作为厌氧反应器的接种污泥处理有毒难降解的PTA废水,同时考察固定化细菌在厌氧反应器启动过程中的变化特性.结果表明,经过136 d的运行,反应器在COD有机负荷为3 kg.(m3.d)-1,水力停留时间为3~4 d的运行条件下,PTA废水的COD去除率可以达到75%~85%,且系统具有比较好的稳定性和生物量保持能力.另一方面,胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化、产甲烷菌DNA特异性扩增和包埋颗粒的扫描电镜观察结果表明,虽然包埋载体在一定程度上限制了传质速度,但包埋颗粒中的厌氧微生物在微生物相和数量上都仍有显著的变化和增长.     

十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)改性蒙脱石对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附研究

以阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基磺酸钠,SDS)为改性剂制备了有机蒙脱石,研究其对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS对有机蒙脱石进行表征.实验结果表明,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附基本上在20min内达到平衡,并随pH增大(1.0～7.0),吸附量增加,最佳pH约为6.0.有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,SDS改性蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量较纯蒙脱石分别增加15.7%、15.5%.XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS及碳含量分析结果显示,SDS主要分布在蒙脱石表面且相对稳定,少量嵌入层间,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附机制为配位吸附和离子交换.     

固定化光催化技术及其适用水处理反应器研究进展

光催化技术因其较高的催化活性和低廉的价格已经被水处理业内广泛采用．但是粉末催化剂的明显缺点制约了其工业化应用,因此固定化光催化技术应运而生。通过收集国内外资料．对于光催化固定技术应用的两个关键因素——固定方法和适用的反应器的发展进行了介绍。当固定的同时催化剂活性不大幅下降．且采用适合于该种载体的反应器,固定化光催化技术在水处理领域有着广阔的应用前景。     

F/M对ASBR中基质的吸收、储存和利用影响

研究了不同F/M（COD/VSS）下以葡萄糖为基质时厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）中的微生物代谢规律.结果表明,在序批操作条件下,水解产酸菌对葡萄糖的代谢存在2条并列的途径,即直接代谢为VFA和首先转化为胞内储存物糖原,然后糖原再被转化为VFA.前者约占进水COD的34%～38%,而后者则高达41%～46%.F/M越高,糖原的储存量越大,当F/M分别为0.27、 0.20和0.14时,单位质量污泥糖原的最大储存量分别为116.8、 81.1和62.4 mg/g.糖原的储存减缓了VFA的积累,为ASBR反应器的高效和正常运行创造了条件.     

A/A系统反硝化除磷的强化及其稳定性研究

利用厌氧/缺氧(A/A)SBR,试验研究了选择和富集反硝化除磷菌(DPB)的条件.结果表明,采用电子供体和电子受体充分分开的两段进水方式运行,当厌氧段进水COD与缺氧段投加硝酸盐质量浓度为300 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1,pH值约为7.0时,DPB可快速成为系统中的优势菌群,系统可达到良好的反硝化聚磷效果;将前述系统改变为一段进水方式运行后,系统仍具有良好的反硝化聚磷效果.在进水磷浓度同为20 mg.L-1下,在缺氧段投加磷的运行方式比在厌氧段投加磷的运行方式更能提高系统的除磷能力.     

Mass transfer in the absorption of SO2 and NOx using aqueous euchlorine scrubbing solution

Attempts have been made to generate euchlorine gas by chlorate-chloride process and to utilize it further to clean up SO2 and NOx from the flue gas in a lab scale bubbling reactor.Preliminary experiments were carried out to determine the gas and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients and their correlation equations have been established.Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from the simulated flue gas using aqueous euchlorine scrubbing solution has been investigated.Euchlorine oxidized NO into NO2 completely and the later subsequently absorbed into the scrubbing solution in the form of nitrate.SO2 removal efficiency of around 100% and NOx removal efficiency of around 72 % were achieved under optimized conditions.Mass balance has been confirmed by analyzing the sulfate, nitrate, euchlorine and chloride ion using ion chromatograph/auto-titrator and comparing it with their corresponding calculated values.     

Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), was used to treat landfill leachate. During operation, denitrification and methanogenesis took place simultaneously in the first stage UASB, and the e uent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was further removed in the second stage UASB. Then the denitrification of nitrite and nitrate in the returned sludge by using the residual COD was accomplished in the A/O reactor, and ammonia was removed via nitrite in it. Last but not least, the residual ammonia was removed in SBR as well as nitrite and nitrate which were produced by nitrification. The results over 120 d (60 d for phase I and 60 d for phase II) were as follows: when the total nitrogen (TN) concentration of influent leachate was about 2500 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen concentration was about 2000 mg/L, the shortcut nitrification with 85%–90% nitrite accumulation was achieved stably in the A/O reactor. The TN and ammonia nitrogen removal e ciencies of the system were 98% and 97%, respectively. The residual ammonia, nitrite and nitrate produced during nitrification in the A/O reactor could be washed out almost completely in SBR. The TN and ammonia nitrogen concentrations of final e uent were about 39 mg/L and 12 mg/L, respectively.