移动床生物膜反应器在污水处理中的应用研究

应用好氧移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水,厌氧复合生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水,厌氧－好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理食品废水的试验均取得良好的效果。试验结果表明,该工艺具有处理效率高,出水水质稳定,耐冲击负荷能力强,占地少,结构紧凑,维护管理简单的特点。     

MCR—O_3—BAC组合工艺在工业园区污水处理厂提标改造中的运用研究

以膜混凝反应器(MCR)—O3—生物活性炭(BAC)组合工艺作为出水提标改造工艺,在浙江某工业园区污水处理厂进行了现场试验,考察了组合工艺对有机物和色度的去除情况,并验证了膜过滤(MCR工艺段)在组合工艺中的作用。结果表明,MCR工艺段对COD和色度均有不同程度的去除,去除效果均与进水SS浓度有关;MCR—O3—BAC组合工艺运行中,COD去除率最高的是在BAC工艺段,稳定运行阶段(70~90d左右,下同)最终出水COD基本不超过50mg/L,色度去除率最高的主要是在O3工艺段,去除率达到37.5%~68.8%,稳定运行阶段最终出水色度小于30倍,均符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A标准;通过定期的清洗维护,MCR系统中膜可以在35L/(m2·h)的通量下稳定运行,维护性清洗周期为20~30d;MCR工艺段的引入可以显著减少O3的消耗量。     

EGSB反应器处理产氢发酵液

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器处理产氢发酵液的启动性能进行了研究。结果表明,在温度为（35±1）℃,水力停留时间（HRT）为6h的条件下,逐渐提高进水COD,经过40d连续运行,EGSB反应器启动成功。容积负荷达到14kgCOD／（m3·d）时,COD去除率约为80％,产气量为26．84L／d,甲烷含量为57．9％。     

A mathematical model for a hybrid anaerobic reactor

A mathematical model for a hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR), which uses self-immobilized anaerobic bacterial granules under completely fluidized condition, has been developed. Stoichiometry of glucose fermentation into methane has been considered in this model. The model includes: (1) a biofilm model which describes substrate conversion kinetics within a single granule; (2) a bed fluidization model which describes the distribution of biogranules within the fluidized bed and (3) a reactor model which links the above two to predict the substrate and products concentration profile along the reactor height. Product and pH inhibition for each group of bacteria has been considered in the kinetic model. The spatial distribution of each group of anaerobic bacteria within granules has been found to play a vital role in bringing about the conversion. Experiments were conducted in the reactor using a synthetic effluent containing glucose as the carbon source to study the treatment efficiency. The model was simulated first assuming a 3-layered distribution [MacLeod, F.A., Guiot, S.R., Costerton, J.W., 1990. Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 1598-1607.] of anaerobic bacteria within granules and then homogeneous distribution [Grotenhuis, J.T.C., Smit, M., Plugge, C.M., Yuansheng, X., van Lammeren, A.A.M., Stams, A.J.M., Zehnder, A.J.B., 1991. Bacterial composition and structure of granular sludge adapted to different substrates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 1942-1949.] of anaerobic bacteria. The predictions of model simulation with the assumption of layered structure closely represented the experimental data.     

Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in a sequencing batch bioreactor

Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway.     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.     

Community analysis of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactor

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was setup and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully incubated by using anaerobic granular sludge as seed sludge. Nitrogen was partially removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite with free ammonia (FA) of about 10 mg/L. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to investigate community structure of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and Nitrospira populations during start-up. The population sizes of bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira were examined using real-time PCR method. The analysis of community structure and Shannon index showed that stable structure of AOB population was obtained at the day 35, while the communities of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Nitrospira became stable after day 45. At stable stage, the average cell densities were 1.1×1012, 2.2×1010 and 1.0×1010 cells/L for bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira, respectively. The relationship between characteristics of nitrifying bacteria community and nitrogenous substrate utilization constant was discussed by calculating Pearson correlation. Certain correlation seemed to exist between population size, biodiversity, and degradation constant. And the influence of population size might be greater than that of biodiversity.     

低温供热堆选址阶段的环境影响评价与分析

根据低温供热堆选址阶段环境影响评价的要求,结合工程具体设计方案,对低温供热堆在正常运行和事故工况下可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测与评价,以作为审管当局决策的重要依据.低温供热堆在正常运行状态时,放射性气载流出物在大气中迁移和扩散及对公众的辐射剂量估算采用的是IAEA安全系列19号报告中给出的筛选模式(稀释模式);事故...     

序批式厌氧反应器厌氧氨氧化渗滤液脱氮试验研究

通过接种具有厌氧氨氧化性能的污泥,采用序批式厌氧反应器(ASBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,研究水力停留时间(HRT)、pH、温度等对厌氧氨氧化反应过程的影响并确定各因素的最佳控制范围。结果表明,在本试验条件下,HRT、pH和温度的适宜范围分别为24 h、7.5~8.5和35℃。在此条件下,进水NH~+_4-N浓度为150 mg/L,NO~-_2-N浓度为160 mg/L,COD浓度为300 mg/L时,出水NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N、TN、COD平均浓度分别为15.5 mg/L、0.01mg/L、43.2 mg/L和152.1 mg/L,相对应的平均去除率分别为89.7%、99.9%、86.1%和47.6%。     

氯化铁对序批式生物膜反应器中磷去除的影响

为使废水中磷达到更好的去除效果,生物法与化学法结合(即BC法)是目前除磷的发展趋势,但絮凝剂对系统中微生物的影响研究仍较少.氯化铁是除磷过程中常用的絮凝剂,本试验主要研究了其对SBBR反应器中除磷效果的影响.结果表明,当进水TP质量浓度为2.34～7.13mg·L-1,每星期向反应器中投加一次氯化铁(投加质量浓度为3mgFeCl3·(L废水)-1时,反应器对TP的去除率在86.5%以上,出水质量浓度稳定在0.5mg·L-1以下,达到国家排放标准的一级A标准(GB18918-2002);过量的氯化铁则因抑制生物膜中微生物活性,不利于磷的去除.