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41.
伴随我国经济发展的进步,虽然农村的生活水平得到一定的改善,但是并没有根据实际情况将相关生态处理技术应用,导致农村污水处理的效率无法有效的提升,严重影响农村的发展。基于此,本文主要分析了农村生活污水处理的方式,以及污水处理不当对人们的危害与影响,并阐述了农村污水处理的主要对策与方案,笔者根据自身经验提出相应的建议与意见。 相似文献
42.
43.
在城市发展中,人口增多和居民生活方式的变化都加大了城市污水量的增加,现代城市污水已经对地下水体产生了污染,人们的生活用水受到了严重影响。在国家环保要求下,利用先进污水处理式方法对城市污水进行处理至关重要,本文对城市污水特点进行了分析,并重点对生化法污水处理工艺进行了分析,希望能为行业内人士提供参考,提高城市污水的净化能力,促进城市的持续发展。 相似文献
44.
PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludges from two wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were analyzed by an isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometric in 16 sewage sludges, sampled from 2004 to 2009, from two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing. Total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were evaluated using the toxicity equivalent factors proposed by International for PCDD/Fs. The I-TEQs for these sewage sludges were from 0.97 to 15.0 pg g−1 dry weight (dw) with a mean value 4.43 pg g−1 dw, indicating that all I-TEQs were below Chinese legislation limit value regulated for agricultural use in soils.The results from limited samples (16 samples) showed that the levels of PCDD/Fs might be correlated with the sludge age. Meanwhile, the temporal trends of PCD/Fs suggested that the I-TEQs may correlate with rainfall in the present study. 相似文献
45.
Effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) are known to contain residual micro-contaminants including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) despite the utilization of various removal processes. Temperature alters the efficacy of removal processes; however, experimental measurements of EDC removal at various temperatures are limited. Extrapolation of EDC behavior over a wide temperature range is possible using available physicochemical property data followed by the correction of temperature dependency. A level II fugacity-based STP model was employed by inputting parameters obtained from the literature and estimated by the US EPA’s Estimations Programs Interface (EPI) including EPI’s BIOWIN for temperature-dependent biodegradation half-lives. EDC removals in a three-stage activated sludge system were modeled under various temperatures and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) for representative compounds of various properties. Sensitivity analysis indicates that temperature plays a significant role in the model outcomes. Increasing temperature considerably enhances the removal of β-estradiol, ethinyestradiol, bisphenol, phenol, and tetrachloroethylene, but not testosterone with the highest biodegradation rate. The shortcomings of BIOWIN were mitigated by the correction of highly temperature-dependent biodegradation rates using the Arrhenius equation. The model predicts well the effects of operating temperature and HRTs on the removal via volatilization, adsorption, and biodegradation. The model also reveals that an impractically long HRT is needed to achieve a high EDC removal. The STP model along with temperature corrections is able to provide some useful insight into the different patterns of STP performance, and useful operational considerations relevant to EDC removal at winter low temperatures. 相似文献
46.
Jussi Kosonen Leif Kronberg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):555-564
Background, aim and scope Each year, large quantities of pharmaceuticals are consumed worldwide for the treatment and prevention of human and animal
diseases. Although the drugs and the metabolites observed in the wastewaters and in the environment are present at concentrations
several orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations required to exert their effects in humans or animals, their long-term
impact on the environment is commonly not known. In this study, the occurrence of six antihistamines, which are used for the
relief of allergic reactions such as hay fever, was determined in sewage treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river
waters.
Materials and methods The occurrence of the antihistamines cetirizine, acrivastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine in sewage
treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river waters was studied. The analytical procedure consisted of solid-phase
extraction of the water samples followed by liquid chromatography separation and detection by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer
in the multiple reaction mode.
Results Cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine were detected in both influent and effluent wastewater samples at concentration levels
ranging from about 80 to 220 ng/L, while loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine could not be detected in any samples. During
sewage treatment, the concentration of the antihistamines dropped by an average of 16–36%. Furthermore, elevated concentrations
of antihistamines were observed in samples collected during the season of most intensive plant pollen production, i.e. in
May. In the river water samples, the relative pattern of occurrence of cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine was similar
to that in the wastewater samples; although the concentration of the compounds was substantially lower (4–11 ng/L). The highest
concentrations of the studied drugs were observed near the discharging point of the sewage treatment plant.
Discussion The highest concentrations of antihistamines in STP wastewaters correlate with the outbreak of allergic reaction caused by
high amounts of plant pollens in the air. The analysis results of the river water samples show that the antihistamines are
carried far away from the effluent discharge points. They may account for a part of the mix of pharmaceuticals and of pharmaceutical
metabolites that occur downstream of STPs.
Conclusions Antihistamines are poorly degraded/eliminated under the biological treatment processes applied in the wastewater treatment
plants and, consequently, they are continuously being discharged along with other drugs to the aquatic environment.
Recommendations and perspectives As a huge quantity and variety of drugs and their metabolites are continuously discharged to rivers and the sea, the compounds
should be considered as contaminants that may possess risks to the aquatic ecosystem. Further studies are urgently needed
on the environmental fate of the antihistamines and other pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. These studies should
be concerned with the stability of the compounds, their transformation reactions and the identity of the transformation products,
the distribution of drugs and their uptake and effects in organisms. On the basis of these studies, the possible environmental
hazards of pharmaceuticals may be assessed. 相似文献
47.
Washing aggregate sludge from a gravel pit, sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a clay-rich sediment have been physically, chemically and mineralogically characterized. They were mixed, milled and formed into pellets, pre-heated for 5 min and sintered in a rotary kiln at 1150 °C, 1175 °C, 1200 °C and 1225 °C for 10 and 15 min at each temperature. The effects of the raw material characteristics, heating temperatures and dwell times on the loss on ignition (LOI), bloating index (BI), bulk density (ρb), apparent and dry particle densities (ρa, ρd), voids (H), water absorption (WA24h) and compressive strength (S) were determined. All the mixtures presented a bloating potential taking into consideration the gases released at high temperatures. The products obtained were lightweight aggregates (LWAs) in accordance with Standard UNE-EN-13055-1 (ρb ≤ 1.20 g/cm3 or particle density ≤ 2.00 g/cm3). LWAs manufactured with 50% washing aggregate sludge and 50% clay-rich sediment were expanded LWAs (BI > 0) and showed the lowest apparent particle density, the lowest water absorption and the highest compressive strength. It was possible to establish three groups of LWAs on the basis of their properties in comparison to Arlita G3, F3 and F5, commercially available lightweight aggregates manufactured in Spain. Our LWAs may have the same or similar applications as these commercial products, such as horticulture, prefabricated lightweight structures and building structures. 相似文献
48.
Akira Sano Makoto KanomataHiroki Inoue Norio SugiuraKai-Qin Xu Yuhei Inamori 《Chemosphere》2012,89(10):1243-1247
The objective of the present study was to establish an alkali extraction technology for FePO4-containing sewage sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment system that includes phosphorous removal by iron electrolysis. By clarifying the extraction properties of phosphorous, organic matter, and inorganic matter, conditions for alkali extraction were optimized. As a result, it was suggested that unheated phosphorous extraction would be superior for FePO4-containing sewage sludge. And, extraction methods and sewage sludge properties were also compared, and the noteworthy result that extraction of metals can be suppressed to extremely low amounts with alkali extraction as compared with acid extraction was obtained. A new insight was also gained that, as compared with the use of incinerated ash reported in previous studies, alkali extraction was more efficient when raw sewage sludge was used. 相似文献
49.
《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):461-471
Abstract The use of sewage sludge and effluent as a source of nutrients and water for crop production is increasing worldwide. A study was conducted in 2001 at Pension farm (near Harare) to determine the effect of long term (>30 yrs) application of sewage sludge and effluent on Zn and Cu accumulation in top soil, uptake of these metals by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and mustard rape (Brassica juncea L.), and dry matter yield. Application of sewage sludge/effluent significantly (p < 0.001) increased total Zn (13.7–1563.9 mg kg?1) and Cu (2.5–133.3 mg kg?1) in the top soil (0–20 cm depth) compared to the control. Sewage sludge/effluent addition significantly (p < 0.001) increased Zn uptake by both test crops, while Cu uptake was significant in the first crop of lettuce and the second crop of mustard rape. Based on the dietary patterns of poor urban households in Zimbabwe, the maximum possible intake of Cu will only constitute 40% the Maximum Daily Intake (MDI). The toxicological implications for Zn will however be more severe, exceeding the MDI by 77% through exposure by lettuce consumption and by 251% consumption of mustard rape. It was concluded that long-term addition of sewage sludge/effluent to soil at Pension farm had increased the concentration of Zn and Cu in top soil to levels that pose environmental concern. The consumption of leafy vegetables produced on these soils pose a health risk to poor communities that reside around the study site, especially children, through possible Zn toxicity. 相似文献
50.
介绍了广东某大学校园学生公寓淋浴洗衣污水的人工湿地处理工艺。本工程具有工程投资少,处理费用低,运行平稳,处理效果好,美化景观等的特点。处理后的中水可回收作为湖水的补充用水。本工程投入使用后,可获得较大的经济效益和社会效益。 相似文献