Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

长江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力及其影响因子

根据2010年8月至2011年5月在崇明东滩潮间带进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey(1990)的经验公式分析了调查区域内大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值.结果表明:以去灰干质量(AFDM)计,5月、8月和11月总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力和总平均P/B值分别为637.83 ind m-2、6.82 gm-2、6.71 g m-2a-1和1.01 a-1.纵向梯度上,总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力三者大小排序均为东旺沙≥捕鱼港>团结沙.分析表明,潮间带次级生产力受软体动物影响明显,其中河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、黑龙江河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula amurensis)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、泥螺(Bullactaexarata)和中华拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea sinensis)这6种优势种贡献了崇明东滩潮间带65.24%的次级生产力.调查区域总平均P/B值为1.01 a-1,推测东滩大型底栖动物平均一年更替一代,群落结构不稳定,受外界影响较大.运用主成分分析(PCA)对断面环境状况进行分析,显示团结沙生境状况最稳定,捕鱼港次之,东旺沙最剧烈.对次级生产力影响因子进行相关性分析,发现除生物量、栖息密度外,水体总氮、总磷对其也存在较大影响.采用典范对应分析(CCA)解析断面各季节大型底栖动物群落次级生产力与环境变量的关系,显示断面群落次级生产力环境影响因子不尽一致,东旺沙影响因子为Sal、TP、TOC及DO;捕鱼港影响因子为TN、TOC、Chla及DO;团结沙生境状况极稳定,受环境因子影响极小,分析其次级生产力影响因子可能更偏向于沉积物理化因子.     

浙中典型富硒土壤区土壤硒含量的影响因素探讨

通过对浙江省中部典型富硒土壤区的系统调查研究,总结了影响土壤硒含量的主要因素.结果表明,地质背景对土壤硒含量有控制作用,汤溪组、之江组和金华组分布区的土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区.研究同时发现,土地利用方式对土壤硒的迁移富集有不可忽视的影响,旱地土壤比水田土壤更易富集硒元素.由于土壤有机质对硒的吸附与固定作用,致使其成为影响硒含量的重要因素之一.除此之外,研究认为土壤质地也是影响土壤硒含量的重要因素,土壤中黏粒含量越多,越黏重,硒含量往往较高.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

基于EMA-MFA核算的县域绿色GDP及空间分异——以河南省为例

自然资本的定量货币化及空间属性是区域绿色经济发展研究的基本问题。针对绿色GDP核算中资源环境成本市场定价的缺陷,采用复合生态系统分析框架,整合能值分析(EMA)与物质流分析(MFA)方法,用能值-货币价值对资源损耗与环境退化定价,进而测度绿色国民财富的生态经济价值。以资源型大省河南为研究区域,估算2009年108个县域单元的各项能值指标及绿色经济发展水平,分析复合生态系统能值指标的空间特征,比较绿色GDP与传统GDP的差异,在此基础上划分县域绿色经济发展的地域类型。结果表明:基于EMA-MFA的绿色GDP核算是一种以生态为中心的强调可持续性的评价方法,旨在从复合生态系统的生态过程视角说明资源环境对社会经济发展的重要作用;河南省县域复合生态系统各能值指标在空间上集中分布且具有一定区域差异,基于EMA-MFA核算的绿色GDP与传统GDP相比核算结果差异大,绿色经济与传统经济发展水平空间分异变化明显;县域绿色GDP根据本地自然生态支撑能力、资源环境损耗状况可分为5类地域类型;不同地域类型的县域应根据现状水平与优势特征,因地制宜地加快绿色经济发展。     

土壤风化速率的实验测定

利用模拟淋溶实验测定了中国几种土壤（砖红壤，赤红壤，红壤，黄棕壤和紫色土）的风化速率，并研究了土壤pH值和降水量对土壤风化速度的影响，结果表明，土壤的风化速度在pH≥4时随pH值的下降而显著增加，但是当pH值低于4时，风化速率却急剧下降，造成这种现象的原因可能是在低pH值时盐基阳离子和铝离子大量溶出，过高的产物浓度限制了风化反应的进行。土壤的风化速度与淋溶速率之间近似成线性关系。用淋溶液pH值和淋溶液量两个因素对实验结果进行了校正。     

污水处理系统剩余污泥碱处理融胞效果研究

研究了碱处理对污水生物处理系统剩余污泥的融胞效果及其影响因素.结果表明,碱处理能够使污泥细胞中有机物溶出,成为溶解性物质,从而使污泥液相的溶解性化学需氧量增加.pH值高于11.0时,污泥的絮体和细胞2种结构被破坏,而pH值低于11时,仅能破坏其絮体结构.碱处理过程中,起作用的是OH^-离子,但同时加入的金属离子也会影响污泥融胞的效果.碱处理能减小污泥的重量,VS的最大去除率可达48.01%(TS约为40.40%,pH值13.0左右时).污泥粒径随着碱处理pH值的升高而减小.污泥浓度、pH值和处理时间均是影响碱处理效果的重要因素,正交试验表明,在高pH值下,污泥浓度越高,碱处理污泥融出的SCOD总量越多,但折算为相同pH值下,单位污泥融出的SCOD基本不变.     

渤海沉积物中重金属分布及环境背景值

讨论了渤海25柱岩芯样细颗粒（<0.063mm）中重金属含量分布,采用统计学方法确定了底质重金属的分布类型,通过渤海中部岩芯样分析结果,获得渤海沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的环境背景值。在研究中,借助Pb²¹⁰测年技术测定了百年前沉积层中重金属含量,结果与渤海底质Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd环境背景值是吻合的。     

水中羟基氧化铁催化臭氧分解和氧化痕量硝基苯的机理探讨

测定了木质颗粒活性炭(GAC)和负载在GAC上的羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)催化水中臭氧分解的速率常数并探讨了催化臭氧分解的途径.以水中几种氧化物表面羟基密度和表面零电荷pH值(pH_zpc)为表征氧化物表面性质的参数,考察了2个参数对催化臭氧氧化水中硝基苯的影响.GAC和负载在GAC上的FeOOH使水中臭氧一级分解速率常数分别提高了68%和108%,用叔丁醇捕获掉生成的羟基自由基后,前者的分解速率常数降低了9%,后者降低了20%.GAC在催化臭氧分解时主要起到吸附剂和还原剂的作用,FeOOH催化臭氧分解过程中促进了羟基自由基生成.氧化物表面羟基密度和催化臭氧氧化水中硝基苯的效果之间没有直接的关系,由氧化物的pH_zpc决定的表面电荷状态与催化氧化效果有关,表面接近电中性时对催化氧化硝基苯有利.高密度的表面羟基会使表面羟基之间形成较强的氢键,使催化作用减弱.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.