氮掺杂氧化钛的简易制备及可见光催化活性的研究

为开发对可见光响应的催化剂,以尿素为氮掺杂剂,采用简易溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂氧化钛,并以2,4-DCP的降解检验其光催化活性。XRD、BET、XPS和UV-Vis漫反射光谱分析表明,随着氮/钛原子比（N/Ti)的增大,各催化剂晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大,锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变得到抑制,除0#样品出现金红石相外,其他催化剂均只出现锐钛矿相;掺入催化剂的N位于晶格O位点和晶格间隙,替代N和间隙N掺杂使催化剂的光吸收发生明显的红移。荧光光谱分析表明,当N/Ti在0～6范围内增加时,反应体系中·OH自由基的产生速率增加,当N/Ti增大至8时,速率则下降。相似的规律也表现在氮掺杂量对光催化活性的影响。适量氮掺杂能增强氧化钛的可见光催化活性,该改性催化剂可用于有机污染物的太阳光激催化降解。     

对水敏感性的机理与影响因素的研究

通过对咸淡水界面水敏感性机理与影响因素的研究,表明在非反应性微粒的释放迁移、反应性微粒的膨胀和絮凝作用与胶体吸附架桥作用下多孔介质中微粒物质的释放、膨胀、迁移、重沉积等引起的孔喉阻塞是导致水敏感性的机理所在;临界盐浓度、临界盐浓度变化率、临界离子强度、一临界流速和pH值是水敏感性的主要影响因素;指出水敏感性的研究对防止海水入侵具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

Sensitivity and Uncertainty of Ground‐Water Discharge Estimates for Semiarid Shrublands1

Abstract: We proposed a step‐by‐step approach to quantify the sensitivity of ground‐water discharge by evapotranspiration (ET) to three categories of independent input variables. To illustrate the approach, we adopt a basic ground‐water discharge estimation model, in which the volume of ground water lost to ET was computed as the product of the ground‐water discharge rate and the associated area. The ground‐water discharge rate was assumed to equal the ET rate minus local precipitation. The objective of this study is to outline a step‐by‐step procedure to quantify the contributions from individual independent variable uncertainties to the uncertainty of total ground‐water discharge estimates; the independent variables include ET rates of individual ET units, areas associated with the ET units, and precipitation in each subbasin. The specific goal is to guide future characterization efforts by better targeting data collection for those variables most responsible for uncertainty in ground‐water discharge estimates. The influential independent variables to be included in the sensitivity analysis are first selected based on the physical characteristics and model structure. Both regression coefficients and standardized regression coefficients for the selected independent variables are calculated using the results from sampling‐based Monte Carlo simulations. Results illustrate that, while as many as 630 independent variables potentially contribute to the calculation of the total annual ground‐water discharge for the case study area, a selection of seven independent variables could be used to develop an accurate regression model, accounting for more than 96% of the total variance in ground‐water discharge. Results indicate that the variability of ET rate for moderately dense desert shrubland contributes to about 75% of the variance in the total ground‐water discharge estimates. These results point to a need to better quantify ET rates for moderately dense shrubland to reduce overall uncertainty in estimates of ground‐water discharge. While the approach proposed here uses a basic ground‐water discharge model taken from an earlier study, the procedure of quantifying uncertainty and sensitivity can be generalized to handle other types of environmental models involving large numbers of independent variables.     

复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因结构敏感性及预防对策研究

简要回顾现有复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因理论存在的局限性,根据大量统计资料和经验总结构建事故成因理论的缺陷。该研究试图从分析和推理入手,根据复杂社会技术系统运行机制及事故成因结构敏感性特征,探索由于新技术快速普及应用而不断涌现的复杂社会技术系统的失效机制及事故的成因理论;解释复杂社会技术系统安全事故的严重程度差异性、时间方向性及情境依赖性;为任何因新技术普及应用而产生的人造系统的安全分析及事故预防提供理论和方法支撑。     

铁路运输传爆药安全性评价

通过对现有传爆药安全性综合评价方法和装载加固评价方法进行改进,建立导弹铁路运输安全评价模型,运用改进型安全评价方法计算出导弹运输实际现实危险度。通过重大事故后果模拟法对运输过程中存在的最大量危险源进行分析、模拟,得出发生事故后产生的对人、物的危害范围。运用装载加固安全评价方法对装载加固方案进行评价,从而得知铁路运输导弹的危险综合程度,该评价模型可为铁路运输部门危险货物运输安全评价提供参考。     

中国典型河湖水体铅的水生生物安全基准与生态风险评价

采用物种敏感度排序法(SSR)对我国铅的淡水水生生物安全基准进行推导,并以太湖为例进行了流域水生生物安全基准推导。对于难以获得的本土生物毒性数据,开展了相应的毒性试验。获得了我国国家与太湖流域铅的水生生物安全基准值,基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为63.92、104.26μg·L-1,基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为1.21、4.06μg·L-1。同时,对我国主要河流以及太湖流域进行了铅的生态风险评价,联合概率曲线法显示影响5%水生生物种类的概率分别为66.22%和43.19%,熵值法则显示中国主要河流存在较大的铅暴露风险,因此,我国铅的潜在生态风险较大,主要河流与太湖流域存在铅污染问题。     

In vitro toxicity of fungicides with different modes of action to alfalfa anthracnose fungus,Colletotrichum destructivum

Abstract

Sensitivity of 24 isolates of Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara, collected from alfalfa plants in Serbia, to eight selected fungicides, was investigated in this study. Molecular identification and pathogenicity test of isolates tested were also performed. Fungicide sensitivity was evaluated in vitro, using mycelial growth assay method. All isolates exhibited significant pathogenicity, causing necrosis at the alfalfa seedling root tips two days after inoculation. Using the primer pair GSF1-SR1 and by comparing the amplified fragments of the tested isolates with the marker (M), the presence of the amplicon of the expected size of about 900?bp was determined for all isolates. The isolates tested in this study showed different sensitivity towards fungicides in vitro. Mycelial growth was highly inhibited by QoI (quinone outside inhibitors) fungicide pyraclostrobin (mean EC₅₀=0.39?µg mL^?1) and by DMI (demethylation-inhibiting) fungicide tebuconazole (mean EC₅₀=0.61?µg mL^?1), followed by azoxystrobin (mean EC₅₀=2.83?µg mL^?1) and flutriafol (mean EC₅₀=2.11?µg mL^?1). Multi-site fungicide chlorothalonil and MBC (methyl benzimidazole carbamate) fungicide thiophanate-methyl evinced moderate inhibition with mean EC₅₀=35.31 and 62.83?µg mL^?1, respectively. Thirteen isolates were sensitive to SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) fungicide boscalid and fluxapyroxad, (mean EC₅₀=0.49 and 0.19?µg mL^?1, respectively), while the rest of isolates were highly resistant.     

快速杀灭紫茎泽兰的新技术研究

主要针对外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰的快速杀灭新技术进行研究。利用植物对某些营养元素的敏感性特点,研制出紫茎泽兰专用生长抑制剂。采用喷洒紫茎泽兰生长抑制剂的方式,达到抑制紫茎泽兰生长直至杀灭的目的,以及采用在原地种植替代植物的方式防止土地再次被紫茎泽兰侵占。     

综合环境可靠性试验中加速度传感器灵敏度的修正

在综合环境可靠性试验中,加速度传感器的灵敏度会随不同的试验温度产生确定的、可逆的变化,而灵敏度的变化会导致振动控制系统产生系统误差.通过在不同温度下对传感器灵敏度的校准,获得了几种传感器灵敏度的温度变化特性,并提出了通过对变换器设置的传感器灵敏度进行修正,消除试验环境温度引起的系统误差的方法.