多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺混合物MON 0818的水生环境危害评估：实验室急性暴露实验基础上的物种敏感度分布

本实验利用标准短期(48- 96 h)实验室测试测定了包括初级生产者，底栖无脊椎动物，水蚤类动物，软体动物和鱼类在内的15种水生生物对于MON 0818的敏感性。MON 0818是一种商业表面活性剂，由多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺混合而成。此外本实验使用模糊网纹蚤(Ceriodaphnia dubia)潜在的长期(8 d)毒性，确定了暴露浓度。长期毒性测试中未在任何终端指标中发现显著效果。利用得出的数据和文献记载得到物种敏感度在4种暴露条件下的分布，通过对比物种敏感度分布进行了tier-1危害评估。评估显示在本研究规划下(以综述为原型，研究林业除草剂；12 L标准每公顷，等于4.27 kg每公顷) 最差的情况(无意中以最大标签使用速率直接过量喷洒到15 cm深的水体中)会造成中等危害(43.1%的物种处于暴露中，高于中位有效浓度水平)。在更多以最大使用速率使用的典型情况下，受到损害的物种降至20.9%(6 L标准每公顷，相当于2.14 kg每公顷)，在更频繁的雇佣施用速率(2.5 L标准每公顷，相当于0.89 kg每公顷)下，受损物种比例降至6.9%。通过草甘膦在环境中的最大测定浓度计算得到MON 0818的浓度，最终受损物种比例(3.8%)则小于此浓度下受损物种比例(5%)。
精选自Jose L. Rodriguez-Gil, Ryan Prosser, David Poirier, Linda Lissemore, Dean Thompson, Mark Hanson, Keith R. Solomon. Aquatic hazard assessment of MON 0818, a commercial mixture of alkylamine ethoxylates commonly used in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. Part 1: Species sensitivity distribution from laboratory acute exposures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 501–511, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3559
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3559/full
     

Effects of premixed methane concentration on distribution of flame region and hazard effects in a tube and a tunnel gas explosion

Study of flame distribution laws and the hazard effects in a tunnel gas explosion accident is of great importance for safety issue. However, it has not yet been fully explored. The object of present work is mainly to study the effects of premixed gas concentration on the distribution law of the flame region and the hazard effects involving methane-air explosion in a tube and a tunnel based on experimental and numerical results. The experiments were conducted in a tube with one end closed and the other open. The tube was partially filled with premixed methane-air mixture with six different premixed methane concentrations. Major simulation works were performed in a full-scale tunnel with a length of 1000 m. The first 56 m of the tunnel were occupied by methane–air mixture. Results show that the flame region is always longer than the original gas region in any case. Concentration has significant effects on the flame region distribution and the explosion behaviors. In the tube, peak overpressures and maximum rates of overpressure rise (dp/dt)_max for mixtures with lower and higher concentrations are great lower than that for mixtures close to stoichiometric concentration. Due to the gas diffusion effect, not the stoichiometric mixture but the mixture with a slightly higher concentration of 11% gets the highest peak overpressure and the shock wave speed along the tube. In the full-scale tunnel, for fuel lean and stoichiometric mixture, the maximum peak combustion rates is achieved before arriving at the boundary of the original methane accumulation region, while for fuel rich mixture, the maximum value appears beyond the region. It is also found that the flame region for the case of stoichiometric mixture is the shortest as 72 m since the higher explosion intensity shortens the gas diffusion time. The case for concentration of 13% can reach up to a longest value of 128 m for longer diffusion time and the abundant fuel. The “serious injury and death” zone caused by shock wave may reach up to 3–8 times of the length of the original methane occupied region, which is the widest damage region.     

Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers1

Khorram, Saeed and Mustafa Ergil, 2010. Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA): 46(6):1065–1090. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00468.x Abstract: Problems of bed-load sediment transport equations in alluvial rivers are addressed in this study where user-friendly parameters were developed. To determine the influences of 300 parameters on the final result, 52 selected bed-load equations for noncohesive particles (sand and gravel separately) were gathered and individually investigated. The influences of discrepancies among the computed and measured datasets were obtained by sensitivity analysis through multilinear regression method. The most influential parameters for the bed-load sediment flux equations used to describe sand particles in alluvial rivers are: the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the critical unit stream power, and the Shields’ parameter with energy slope. For gravel particles, the most influential parameters are: the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, and the Froude number of the channel. It is expected that researchers working in this field will be able to use these predicted parameters to generate new bed-load sediment flux equations that give results that more closely agree with the actual values measured in alluvial rivers.     

Disposal of hexachlorodisilane and its hydrolyzed deposits

Hexachlorodisilane (Si₂Cl₆, HCDS) is an important precursor used in semiconductor device manufacturing. It is a flammable as well as a water reactive liquid which hydrolyzes rapidly upon contact with water or moisture. The hydrolyzed deposits are also known to be shock-sensitive with explosion energy equivalent to trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this work, two phases of test program including disposal of HCDS and disposal of the shock sensitive HCDS hydrolyzed deposits were conducted. The first phase of the program was to find an agent that can completely dissolve/react the HCDS vapor without forming shock sensitive deposits. The second phase of the program attempted to find a suitable agent to suppress the Si–Si bonds, one of the essential roles of chemical functional groups in shock sensitivity of the HCDS hydrolyzed deposits to suppress the shock sensitivity. A variety of agents such as sulfuric acid solutions, aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions, aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions, KOH/alcohol solutions were utilized as the suppressants in this work. Samples mixed with suppressants were not only tested for shock sensitivity by a Fall-hammer apparatus but also analyzed for chemical functional groups to identify the effect of each agent. Concentrated sulfuric acid was found to suppress the shock sensitivity of the liquid HCDS hydrolyzed deposits by acting as a medium that helps the hydrolyzed deposit to retain moisture. KOH/alcohol solutions can turn HCDS vapor into non-hazardous silica, so that, it provided a safe way to dispose HCDS. Finally, practical recommendations about handling and eliminating the risk of shock sensitivity are given for HCDS liquid spill, HCDS vapor vent and HCDS hydrolyzed deposits.     

1997-2007年中国生态地租变化分析

生态地租是衡量生态资源利用带来的社会经济效果的重要指标.以投入产出表和生态足迹为基础,分析中国1997 - 2007年生态地租变化情况.结果表明,1997-2007年中国各产业单位经济产出的生态地租量呈减少趋势,农林牧渔业,电、热及水生产和供应业单位经济产出的生态地租量明显高于其他产业；生态地租总量呈不断增加趋势,构成上以工矿业和农林牧渔业生态地租为主,生态地租在行业间转移越来越多；以2007年为对照组,总产出量、生态足迹和生物承载力以及农地面积等参数的变化引起生态地租显著变化,其中以农林牧渔业生态地租变化最为敏感.如果考虑生态地租的影响,人类消费产品价格将大幅增加,这相当于人类因过度攫取自然资源而应当支付的用于环境治理的高昂代价.     

蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究

以涡度相关法的实测资料为标准,对波文比-能量平衡法、空气动力学法、Penman-Monteith模型、Shuttleworth-Wallace模型进行对比研究,并分析了各种方法的精度和灵敏度。结果表明:Penman-Monteith模型和波文比-能量平衡法的精度最高,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型和空气动力学法的精度较差。Penman-Monteith模型的稳定性较好,波文比-能量平衡法受Δe和ΔT观测精度的影响大,风温湿观测高度以及下垫面是否均一对空气动力学法影响较大,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对各类阻抗较为敏感。     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(I)——模型的建立与灵敏度分析

以业已建成的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型为基本框架,建立了一个具有普适性的中国农业植被净初级生产力模型(CropC-)。CropC-的模拟对象为占我国农作物总播种面积2/3的水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜和大豆。该模型包括2个主要功能模块:光合作用和呼吸作用;土壤-作物系统氮素运移。前者综合考虑了环境因子和氮素的影响,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放。灵敏度分析表明,在输入参数变化±10%时,CropC-对6个主要输入参数响应的敏感性依次为温度>光合有效辐射>大气CO2浓度>土壤全氮含量>施氮量>降水。模型分析表明,气候变暖将降低作物净初级生产力。     

Detonation transition criteria from the interaction of supersonic shock-flame complexes with different shaped obstacles

The present study is an experimental investigation of the last stages of the deflagration-to-detonation transition. A fast flame following a lead shock was generated by passing a detonation wave through a perforated plate. The shock flame complex then interacts with an obstacle of different shape. We study the influence of the obstacle shape on the transition mechanism to a detonation. The obstacles studied are a single round or square obstacle, a flat plate, a C-shaped and an H-shaped obstacle. The experiments were performed in a thin transparent channel permitting high speed schlieren visualization. Stoichiometric propane-oxygen was investigated at sub-atmospheric conditions. For each obstacle configuration, the initial pressure was changed to modify the flame burning velocity and the Mach number of the leading shock. The burning velocity prior to the interaction was measured experimentally from the displacement velocity of the flame in the videos. This required estimating the speed of the gas ahead of the flame. A linear correction to the speed immediately behind the lead shock was applied using the shock change equations and the measured pressure gradient behind the lead shock in order to account for the non-steadiness of the lead shock and viscous losses to the walls. Three main findings were that the obstacle shape had a minimal influence on the critical flame strength required for transition, although obstacles with a forward facing cavity were able to suppress the transition by isolating the re-initiation event inside the cavity. The main transition mechanism for all geometries was the enhancement of the flame burning velocity through the flame interaction with the shock reflected on the obstacle leading to Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. Finally, it was found that the flame burning velocity of the initial flame required for transition was closely approximated by the Chapman-Jouguet burning velocity. Consistent with the visual observations, this supports the view that transition is favored when the flame is in phase with the acoustic waves, and strong internal pressure waves can be amplified.     

环境温度对烟火药剂混触机械感度的影响研究

对烟花爆竹药剂典型氧化剂与还原剂的二元混合物在不同温度的条件下进行撞击感度及摩擦感度测试,分析不同氧化剂、还原剂及温度对二者混触的影响规律。结果表明:含有硫磺的药剂撞击感度值较大,含有镁铝合金粉的药剂摩擦感度值较大;随着温度升高,药剂的撞击感度值升高,而不同药剂的摩擦感度值表现出不同趋势,这与机械撞击和摩擦作用下起爆机理不同有很大的关系,并从理论上对实验结果进行分析。     

The Sensitivity of Population Viability Analysis to Uncertainty about Habitat Requirements: Implications for the Management of the Endangered Southern Brown Bandicoot

Abstract:  Whenever population viability analysis (PVA) models are built to help guide decisions about the management of rare and threatened species, an important component of model building is the specification of a habitat model describing how a species is related to landscape or bioclimatic variables. Model-selection uncertainty may arise because there is often a great deal of ambiguity about which habitat model structure best approximates the true underlying biological processes. The standard approach to incorporate habitat models into PVA is to assume the best habitat model is correct, ignoring habitat-model uncertainty and alternative model structures that may lead to quantitatively different conclusions and management recommendations. Here we provide the first detailed examination of the influence of habitat-model uncertainty on the ranking of management scenarios from a PVA model. We evaluated and ranked 6 management scenarios for the endangered southern brown bandicoot ( Isoodon obesulus ) with PVA models, each derived from plausible competing habitat models developed with logistic regression. The ranking of management scenarios was sensitive to the choice of the habitat model used in PVA predictions. Our results demonstrate the need to incorporate methods into PVA that better account for model uncertainty and highlight the sensitivity of PVA to decisions made during model building. We recommend that researchers search for and consider a range of habitat models when undertaking model-based decision making and suggest that routine sensitivity analyses should be expanded to include an analysis of the impact of habitat-model uncertainty and assumptions.