Comparative sensitivity of a tropical mysid Metamysidopsis insularis and the temperate species Americamysis bahia to six toxicants

The sensitivity of the tropical mysid, Metamysidopsis insularis relative to that of the sub-tropical North American mysid, Americamysis bahia was determined by comparing their acute toxicity to six toxicants. The 96 h LC50 values for M. insularis ranged from 0.03 mg L^?1 (cadmium (Cd) chloride) to 466 mg L^?1 (potassium chloride (KCL) whereas those for A. bahia ranged from 0.1 mg L^?1 for Cd chloride to 501 mg L^?1 for KCl. The interspecies correlation indicated that the mean acute toxicities for M. insularis showed a high positive correlation with A. bahia (r ² = 1.0). Data suggest there were no significant differences between acute toxic responses of the two species to these toxicants. The results suggest that though M. insularis and A. bahia occur in different climatic zones, the difference in relative sensitivities of the two species due to temperature preferenda may be negligible. Consequently, M. insularis may be considered suitable tropical test species for use in toxicity testing in Trinidad and Tobago.     

环丙沙星对3种作物的毒性

为了研究环丙沙星对作物的毒性效应,为其可能对农业生产带来的风险提供评价依据,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了环丙沙星对3种作物(玉米、萝卜和小白菜)种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明,在环丙沙星作用下,3种作物的根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关(P<0.05),发芽抑制率与药物浓度不相关(P>0.05);药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;环丙沙星对玉米、萝卜和小白菜的根伸长和芽伸长的ID50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为7.97、2.51、1.48mg·kg-1和11.23、2.90、1.95mg·kg-1,3种作物在环丙沙星的胁迫下,其敏感性顺序为:小白菜>萝卜>玉米。     

水稻对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性差异

综述了UV-B辐射对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的影响和水稻对UV-B辐射的抗性机制。UV-B辐射对水稻生长、叶片形态、生物量、产量、光合系统、病害等产生一定的影响。水稻对UV-B辐射的敏感性因子主要有CPD光解酶、UV-B吸收物质、抗氧化酶等。UV-B辐射使水稻叶片中产生了ROS,导致Rubisco酶降解,光合色素含量变化,抑制了光合作用,最终影响水稻籽粒形成和产量。水稻对UV-B辐射响应存在着品种差异,CPD光解酶编码基因的自然突变会引起水稻UV-B敏感性的差异,CPD光解酶活性是水稻对UV-B敏感性的关键因素。通过建立响应指数公式,对水稻UV-B响应敏感性的品种差异进行评估,存在品种差异的原因主要是基因、生长、生理、生育期和环境背景的差异。最后对UV-B辐射对水稻的影响、水稻对UV-B响应的差异及机理有待深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

Effects of tour boats on dolphin activity examined with sensitivity analysis of Markov chains

In Patagonia, Argentina, watching dolphins, especially dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), is a new tourist activity. Feeding time decreases and time to return to feeding after feeding is abandoned and time it takes a group of dolphins to feed increase in the presence of boats. Such effects on feeding behavior may exert energetic costs on dolphins and thus reduce an individual's survival and reproductive capacity or maybe associated with shifts in distribution. We sought to predict which behavioral changes modify the activity pattern of dolphins the most. We modeled behavioral sequences of dusky dolphins with Markov chains. We calculated transition probabilities from one activity to another and arranged them in a stochastic matrix model. The proportion of time dolphins dedicated to a given activity (activity budget) and the time it took a dolphin to resume that activity after it had been abandoned (recurrence time) were calculated. We used a sensitivity analysis of Markov chains to calculate the sensitivity of the time budget and the activity-resumption time to changes in behavioral transition probabilities. Feeding-time budget was most sensitive to changes in the probability of dolphins switching from traveling to feeding behavior and of maintaining feeding behavior. Thus, an increase in these probabilities would be associated with the largest reduction in the time dedicated to feeding. A reduction in the probability of changing from traveling to feeding would also be associated with the largest increases in the time it takes dolphins to resume feeding. To approach dolphins when they are traveling would not affect behavior less because presence of the boat may keep dolphins from returning to feeding. Our results may help operators of dolphin-watching vessels minimize negative effects on dolphins.     

Real-time numerical simulations and experimental research for the propagation characteristics of shock waves and gas flow during coal and gas outburst

When coal and gas outburst occurs, high-speed gas flow and air shock wave with high kinetic energy could be created. In this paper, the formation process of outburst shock waves and gas flow has been analyzed firstly. Afterwards, the numerical simulation models of the roadways with right-angled intersection have been established, by which real-time simulation of the propagation of outburst gas flow and the process of gas transport has been conducted. Gas pressure, gas velocity and gas concentration can be simulated and shown. From analyzing the simulation results, qualitative and quantitative conclusions that the characteristics and patterns of the propagation and attenuation of outburst shock waves and gas flow can be arrived at. Finally, experimental models have been carried out to investigate the outburst shock waves and gas flow at the roadways with the similar shapes as the simulated ones. The results indicate that when shock wave and gas flow passes the intersection, most of the shock wave and gas flow will flow into the roadway of section opposite the intersection, and a little of it would flow into the roadway below the intersection. And turbulence will appear, shock wave reflects and diffracts at branches with more influence on the roadway below the intersection.     

通风网络分支风量与风机频率及变频 灵敏度的关系研究

为了定量描述主要通风机变频调风时通风网络风量变化的差异性,推导了分支风量随频率变化的函数关系式,表明分支风量与风机频率呈一次函数关系,依此可以精准高效地进行变频调风,并预判待调分支是否满足调风要求以及对非待调分支风量变化的影响。提出了变频灵敏度的概念,定量地反映了通风网络各分支风量相对于频率变化的敏感程度,其值可用风量与频率函数的斜率表征。通过理论推导可知变频灵敏度与分支风量具有相同的数值分布规律,得出风量越大的分支在变频调风时风量改变量也越大的结论。分析了所述理论对矿井变频调风工作的指导作用,并通过矿井变频调风时的风网解算验证了理论的正确性。     

湿法粉碎制备纳米RDX安全性分析与性能表征

从热传导理论分析入手,以回收的RDX为原料,选择易获取的水为导热介质,湿法粉碎制备了纳米级RDX样品。利用纳米激光粒度仪、场发射扫描电镜和卡斯特型落锤仪对样品粒径大小、外观特征、感度大小进行了观察和测试。实验结果表明,湿法制备的纳米级RDX感度明显降低,安全性提高。由于本方法成本低廉,使得大规模回收的RDX再次利用成为可能,解决了RDX不方便储存运输使用等难题,扩大了其使用范围。     

海水中金属铅水质基准定值研究

为建立符合我国海洋生物对金属铅耐受能力的海水水质基准,依据可代表我国生物区系特征的生态毒理学数据基于评价因子法及物种敏感度分布模型,对金属铅的海水水质基准进行了推导.推导结果显示,不同的推导方法定值存在明显差异.基于物种敏感度分布模型法,铅的海水水质基准高值(HSWC)定值为275 μg/L;基于评价因子法,铅的海水水质基准低值(LSWC)定值为0.8 μg/L.推导结果可为我国海水水质标准的修订提供有益参考.     

沉积物硝酸盐异化还原过程的温度敏感性与影响因素——以长江口青草沙水库为例

水生态环境中硝酸盐异化还原过程反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和硝酸盐异化还原成铵（DNRA）,对氮循环起着重要作用.采用泥浆培养实验,并结合¹⁵N同位素示踪技术对长江口青草沙水库沉积物硝酸盐异化还原过程的温度敏感性及影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,原位温度10℃时沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和DNRA速率分别是0.18～6.86、0.26～3.16和0.09～0.25μmol N/（kg·h）.当培养温度升高到20℃和30℃时,反硝化速率分别是0.43～6.22和0.68～6.56μmol N/（kg·h）,平均比10℃时升高了15.7%和21.6%;厌氧氨氧化速率分别是0.61～3.2和0.77～3.54μmol N/（kg·h）,平均比10℃时升高了27.8%和42.6%;DNRA速率分别是0.09～0.23和0.1～0.18μmol N/（kg·h）,均比10℃时降低了4.2%.沉积物厌氧氨氧化对温度最为敏感,其次是反硝化,均随温度升高而增大;而DNRA最不敏感,随温度升高而减小.相关性分析结果发现有机碳、氨氮、二价铁和硫化物是影响硝酸盐异化还原的主要环境因子.反硝化和厌氧氨氧化硝酸盐还原的贡献分别是34%～71%和28%～49%,而DNRA为2%～17%.青草沙水库沉积物反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程每年可去除活性氮大约为3.25×10³t和1.68×10³t,约占库区输入氮的54.17%.     

Pressure characteristics and dynamic response of coal mine refuge chamber with underground gas explosion

Coal mine refuge chambers are new devices for coal mine safety which can provide basic survival conditions after gas explosion. In order to simulate the propagation of underground methane/air mixture blast wave, and check structural safety of coal mine mobile refuge chamber, an underground tunnel model and a refuge chamber model have been established based on explicit nonlinear dynamic ANSYS/LS-DYNA 970 program. Results show that the reflected wave pressure on the impact surface was about two times higher than that on the incident one. The relationship between the pressure fields of the chamber was analyzed. The maximum pressure of gas explosion reached about 0.71 MPa, and the pulse width was 360 ms. The maximum absolute displacement and stress occurs at the main door center and the connection of stiffeners and the front plate, respectively. The entire coal mine mobile refuge chamber was in elastic state and its strength and stiffness meet the safety requirements. The cabin door, the front plate and the connecting flange at cabin back as well as the stiffeners on each side were the most critical components. Suggestions were put forward for the refuge chamber.