对岩石风化程度敏感的化学风化指数研究

风化是引起岩石力学性能劣化的重要因素,风化敏感性指数是对岩石风化程度进行定量评价和较准确地确定岩石风化深度的基础。本文在大量不同风化等级、时间及不同深度下岩样化学测试资料的基础上对风化敏感性化学风化指数进行了研究,研究表明：在前人提出的化学风化指数中,WI、WPI和LOI这三个指数对风化程度、时间和深度的变化都显示出明...     

公路路段安全保障度评价的改进物元可拓模型

为克服现有公路安全性评价方法难以客观量化评价因子权重这一不足,从道路安全保障度的概念出发,基于已有相关标准规范和安全理论研究成果构建了公路路段安全保障度评价指标体系,利用改进物元可拓模型建立了公路路段安全保障度评价模型.实例分析结果表明,该路段安全保障度等级为"低",且偏向于"很低"等级的程度较大,符合其实际情况.实例中将所建模型与3种常用评价模型进行比较,结果表明其用于公路路段安全保障度评价具有更好的实用性.敏感性分析显示,最大纵坡、平曲线超高和加宽设计指数、路面摩擦系数、交通饱和度、建筑物或植被等侵入率更易影响该路段的安全保障度.     

我国水生生物的二甲苯基准阈值探讨及其在风险评估中的初步应用

搜集筛选了二甲苯对我国淡水生物的急、慢性毒性数据。物种涵盖了昆虫类、甲壳动物类、鱼类、两栖动物类、环节动物类、软体动物类、轮虫类和浮游植物类。数据分析表明,甲壳类生物对二甲苯最为敏感。采用美国水生生物基准技术对二甲苯水质基准进行推算,得出保护我国淡水生物的二甲苯急性基准域值为1.41 mg·L-1,慢性基准为0.57 mg·L-1。基于获得的二甲苯基准值对我国部分流域二甲苯的暴露生态风险进行初步评估,结果表明二甲苯并未对这些水体中的水生生物造成潜在风险。本研究将为二甲苯水质标准的制修订和流域水环境管理提供技术支持。     

基于物种敏感性分布的保护海水水生生物的石油烃急性毒性基准研究

溢油污染对水生生物的危害以及分散剂使用对原油毒性的影响一直是溢油应急响应及危害评估时关注的焦点。本研究收集筛选了基于标准测试方法的90组急性毒性数据(LC50/EC50),其中37组毒性数据来自15种油品的水容纳组分(water accommodated fraction,WAF),53组来自11种化学分散剂与15种油品的分散液(chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction,CEWAF),应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)方法推导了基于水生生物保护的石油烃总量(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的急性毒性基准值,同时还分析了分散剂和不同暴露方式对原油毒性的影响。结果显示,以名义浓度(nominal concentrations)所表示的毒性结果可能高估分散剂对原油毒性的影响,基于CEWAF和WAF的LC50/EC50所推导的有害浓度(HC5s)差异较小,计算出的保护水生生物TPH急性毒性基准值为0.38 mg·L-1(TPH);鱼类对原油污染的响应明显敏感于甲壳类;同时证明了SSD方法在溢油毒性评估及风险阈值推导中具有可行性和合理性。     

近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估

为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。     

Hydrologic Sensitivity to Climate and Land Use Changes in the Santiam River Basin,Oregon

Future changes in water supply are likely to vary across catchments due to a river basin's sensitivity to climate and land use changes. In the Santiam River Basin (SRB), Oregon, we examined the role elevation, intensity of water demands, and apparent intensity of groundwater interactions, as characteristics that influence sensitivity to climate and land use changes, on the future availability of water resources. In the context of water scarcity, we compared the relative impacts of changes in water supply resulting from climate and land use changes to the impacts of spatially distributed but steady water demand. Results highlight how seasonal runoff responses to climate and land use changes vary across subbasins with differences in hydrogeology, land use, and elevation. Across the entire SRB, water demand exerts the strongest influence on basin sensitivity to water scarcity, regardless of hydrogeology, with the highest demand located in the lower reaches dominated by agricultural and urban land uses. Results also indicate that our catchment with mixed rain‐snow hydrology and with mixed surface‐groundwater may be more sensitive to climate and land use changes, relative to the catchment with snowmelt‐dominated runoff and substantial groundwater interactions. Results highlight the importance of evaluating basin sensitivity to change in planning for planning water resources storage and allocation across basins in variable hydrogeologic settings.     

地源热泵系统综合效益分析

引入净年值分析方法,在分析影响地源热泵系统效益评价因素的基础上,建立了综合效益评价模型。以天津某工程为例,对地源热泵系统与分散式制冷机房+市政热网系统进行综合比较,结果表明:地源热泵系统净年值增加额ΔNAV为162.8万元,该项目年运行费用减少51.3万元,年节约标准煤481.4 t,经济及环境效益显著。并对地源热泵系统的财务内部收益率进行了敏感性分析,为企业优化投资决策,规避风险提供参考。     

The effect of Mg(BH4)2 on the energy characteristics of RDX based aluminized explosives

This paper mainly discusses the effect of Mg(BH₄)₂ on RDX-based aluminized explosives' energy characteristics. RDX/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/AP/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂ mixed explosives were prepared by molding power method. The influence of energy storage materials on the performance of mixed explosives was discussed by adjusting the proportion of Mg(BH₄)₂. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, detonation heat experiment, and XPS experiment were carried out for the mixed explosive. The mechanical sensitivity, energy characteristics, and the products after the explosion of the mixed explosive were analyzed. Through the above experiments, it is concluded that Mg(BH₄)₂ can effectively improve the energy characteristics of RDX, but its safety will become worse after being prepared by a simple mixing method, and the use of the molding power method can effectively reduce the sensitivity. As the mass fraction of Mg(BH₄)₂ increases and Al decreases, the detonation heat of explosives decreases gradually. Mg(BH₄)₂ made the oxygen balance of mixed explosives more negative has been considered as a potential reason. Analysis of the detonation heat solid products by XPS found that, unlike our expected results, the product contained a large amount of low calorific value of B₂O₂ instead of B₂O₃, which may be a crucial reason. This paper provides a reference for the application of Mg(BH₄)₂ in energetic materials and is of great significance for the development and application of new materials in energetic materials.     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

基于GIS的广西洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性评估

以灾害学理论为基础,GIS、RS为技术支持,利用1:5万基础地理信息数据、TM遥感影像数据,建立广西洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性评估指标体系;采用加权综合评价法计算洪涝灾害孕灾环境敏感性指数;运用自然断点法将广西洪涝孕灾环境敏感性划分为低敏感区、次低敏感区、中敏感区、次高敏感区、高敏感区等5个区域;用广西历史洪涝灾害频率分布数据进行对比验证。结果表明,敏感区划结果与洪涝灾害频率区划结果基本吻合。