准东煤矿区土壤镉污染风险评价及敏感性分析

镉是一种毒性很强的重金属元素,易通过食物链进入人体,对人体健康产生影响。新疆地区的煤炭资源开发已引起重金属污染问题,但目前有关镉污染风险评价的研究相对不足。本研究采用地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、美国环保局(US EPA)健康风险评估方法和缓冲区分析方法,对准东红沙泉和北山煤矿土壤中镉的污染现状、生态风险水平和健康风险水平做了分析与评价。结果显示:1)研究区土壤镉含量普遍超过国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,处于重污染水平;2)研究区的镉污染具有极高生态风险;3)镉污染水平和生态风险系数具有明显空间性,它们在研究区的强度排序为堆煤场矿区生活区芨芨湖雀仁乡;4)手-口途径是最主要的健康风险暴露途径,所有人群中儿童暴露风险最高;5)准东煤矿区镉污染水平较高,但其非致癌水平和致癌水平均未超过风险限值;6)矿区周边0~30 km区域内属于健康风险高敏感区域。综上可知:准东地区煤矿开采引起了周边环境镉污染。镉污染对人类健康,特别是儿童的健康具有较高的暴露风险。当地镉污染虽未达到致病水平,但也应引起足够重视。     

泡沫铝填充结构救生舱多目标优化设计

为提高救生舱的安全性,设计了1种泡沫铝填充结构救生舱。利用Workbench对原型救生舱进行静力分析,以泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的内外板厚、泡沫铝厚、纵向和横向加强筋宽为设计变量,以原型救生舱的最大应力、最大位移以及模型质量为约束条件,以泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的静态最大应力、最大位移及质量为目标函数,分析各设计变量对目标函数的灵敏度并进行多目标优化设计;并利用数值仿真方法研究优化后的泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的抗爆炸冲击性能。结果表明:与传统救生舱相比,优化后的泡沫铝填充结构救生舱可以显著提高救生舱的静力及抗爆炸冲击能力,进而提高其安全性能。     

好氧污泥絮体与厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切稳定性分析

通过标准的剪切实验装置检测了好氧污泥絮体和厌氧颗粒污泥在不同剪切条件下剥离的分散胶体浓度的变化.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切敏感性(KSS)比好氧活性污泥高1个数量级,证明了好氧活性污泥的剪切稳定性更好.好氧活性污泥絮体在剪切下剥离的分散胶体平衡浓度(md,∞)分别随着污泥悬浊液的固体浓度(mT)和剪切强度(G)的增加而增加.AE模型的模拟结果显示,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1在剪切作用下粘附-剥离的平衡常数(Km)比样品2的高,相应的DG0adh/RT值更小,证明其在剪切作用下的粘附过程更易发生.修正AE模型可以更好地模拟不同剪切强度下污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离过程,其不仅能够给出未施加剪切的稳定状态时因布朗运动而导致的分散胶体浓度,而且能确定与污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离能量相关的DH/R值.模拟结果表明,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1上分散胶体的剥离需要更多的能量,剪切强度的升高对样品2的影响更加明显.活性污泥剪切稳定性的差异证明了其与污泥结构、性质以及污水处理厂运行效果之间的关系比较复杂.     

水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨（Methodologies for Deriving Water Quality Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life（ALC）and Proposal for Development of ALC in China: A Review）

水生态基准的研究和制定对于控制进入水环境污染物的种类和数量,保护水体生物多样性及整个水生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义.论文对不同国家和地区现有的主要水生态基准推导方法进行了概述,并从基准保护目标、数据的收集与评估、基准的计算方法等几个方面对各国水质基准推导方法进行了比较.参照国外水质基准的推导过程及我国水生态系统的特征,探讨了合理可行的水生态基准保护目标、计算方法及推导流程,并对我国水生态基准的推导中可能存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Comprehensive emergy evaluation and optimization of corn straw power generation system: a case study

Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China. Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy, environment, and sustainability of corn straw generation system, which includes corn planting subsystem, collection and transportation subsystem, and corn straw power generation subsystem. The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis. Based on the position of key substances in the system, emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted. Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the “3R” (reduce, reuse, and recycle) principle of circular economy. Current study shows that emergy yield ratio, emergy investment ratio, environmental loading ratio, and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69, 2.68, 1.61, and 2.29, respectively, which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system. In addition, it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%. Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved. The optimization design method based on the “3R“ principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.     

污染源减排对长三角区域冬季细颗粒物污染的敏感性研究

为了进一步精准有效地降低细颗粒物浓度,针对长三角区域细颗粒物PM2.5浓度,选取8个省级区域的5种污染物为减排目标,设定5个基准排放情景,采用CMAQ-DDM敏感性技术分别进行敏感性分析。结果表明,冬季长三角区域PM2.5污染受区域内的4个省级区域一次PM2.5排放影响最大,区域外的排放影响主要来自河南省和山东省的氨气和一次PM2.5。分别削减本地60%一次PM2.5的排放,安徽省PM2.5平均质量浓度下降了23. 24μg/m^3,江苏省下降了18. 32μg/m^3,上海市下降了15. 17μg/m^3,浙江省下降了9. 07μg/m3。综合各省(市)浓度响应曲线,最大排放因子均为本地一次PM2.5,削减20%左右存在敏感性最大值,削减60%之后浓度曲线趋于平缓,其他因子削减40%以后PM2.5浓度下降逐渐明显,对最后一位排放因子的响应则比较平缓。     

Impacts of Meteorological Factors on PM10: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Approaches

In this study, prediction capacities of multi-linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) onto coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations were investigated. Different meteorological factors on particulate pollution were chosen for operating variables in the model analyses. Two different regions (urban and industrial) were identified in the region of Kocaeli, Turkey. All data sets were obtained from air quality monitoring network of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, and 120 data sets were used in the MLR and ANN models. Regression equations explained the effects of the meteorological factors in MLR analyses. In the ANN model, backpropagation network with two hidden layers has achieved the best prediction efficiency. Determination coefficients and error values were examined for each model. ANN models displayed more accurate results compared to MLR.     

Wave energy vs. other energy sources: A reassessment of the economics

The large scatter in the predictions of wave energy costs, which is caused in part by the simplifications assumed by existing models, is a hindrance for the development of this promising renewable. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to reassess the cost of wave energy taking into account a number of elements that are usually overlooked, or not considered simultaneously. This analysis has been performed in relation to the European context. The direct and indirect costs of a wave farm are examined, and a value for each is presented. The levelized cost (€/MWh) of wave energy is then calculated for different scenarios in order to compare the profitability of wave energy with that of other energy sources. After that, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the main parameters affecting the total cost, considering in particular the effect on the levelized cost of considering: (i) the cost reductions arising from economies of scale and technological effects; (ii) an O&M cost variable throughout the useful life of the farm; and (iii) the externalities. In sum, this work sets the basis for a thorough economic comparison of wave energy with other sources of energy.     

Comparative assessment of vulnerability of smallholder livestock farmers to climate change in North-West Ghana

ABSTRACT

This study examined the vulnerability of smallholder livestock farmers in North-West Ghana to climate change using data obtained from 200 livestock farmers obtained through the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach was used to examine the levels of vulnerability. The study compared the vulnerability between the Nandom district and the Lawra district. The empirical results revealed that livestock farmers are more vulnerable to climatic extremes in the Nandom district than the Lawra district. The study highlights the critical role of the government regarding education and construction of water resources, among others.     

简化河流水质1号模型(RWQM1)实验研究

为了建立标准、一致的河流水质模型,并使它们可与标准活性污泥模型直接相连,国际水协会(IWA)专门成立了河流水质建模任务组,并发布河流水质1号模型(RWQM1)。根据河流水质1号模型(RWQM1)子模型选择原则,通过试验研究,得出以下两点结论:(1)简化河流水质1号模型能充分考虑废水生物处理自身的特点,较为深入地反映活性污泥生物反应过程的主要行为;(2)通过参数灵敏度分析,发现对模拟COD值影响较大的动力学参数是kgro,H,aer,To和khyd,To,对模拟TP值影响较大的动力学参数是kgro,H,aer,To、kgro,N1,To和βN1,对模拟NH3-N值影响较大的动力学参数是kgro,N1,To和βN1。