Bulgarian emergency response models–validation against ETEX first release

In the paper, the performance of two Bulgarian dispersion models is tested against European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) first release data base. The first one is the LED puff model which was the core of the Bulgarian Emergency Response System during all releases of ETEX. The second one is the newly created Eulerian dispersion model EMAP. These models have two important features: they are PC-oriented and they use quite a limited amount of input meteorological information. First, a number of runs with various source configurations are made on meteorological data produced by ECMWF. The aim of these runs is to verify the models’ ability to simulate reliably ETEX first release. To this end, a set of statistical criteria selected in ATMES (Atmospheric Transport Models Evaluation Study, see Klug et al., 1992 are used. The best runs for both models are obtained when the source is presented as a column towering from the ground to heights of 400–700 m. These runs took part in the second phase of ETEX (ETEX-II), the so called ATMES-type exercise where EMAP ranked ninth and LED - fourteenth among 34 models. Here, additional sets of EMAP are presented where in the first run the value of the horizontal diffusion coefficient is varied and in the other runs different meteorological data sets are tested. The results obtained from the first run show that the values of K_h=4–6×10⁴ m² s^-1 produce fields which fit experimental data best. The other sets of runs show that the higher the frequency of the meteorological data, the better the simulation. The results can be improved by linear interpolation of the meteorological parameters with time, the best fitting obtained with interpolation at each time step.     

石墨烯对RDX机械感度及爆轰性能的影响

炸药添加剂对改善单质炸药安全与能量特性有重要作用。为研究纳米微颗粒石墨烯(Gr)对黑索今(RDX)热性能、机械感度及爆轰性能的影响,设计不同比例含量的Gr/RDX混合药剂配方,并对其进行差热、撞击感度、摩擦感度、爆速及钢凹深度的测试分析。结果表明:与纯RDX相比,Gr/RDX混合药剂DSC（差示扫描量热）曲线分解峰宽变窄、峰形更尖锐,Gr加速RDX的放热过程;Gr/RDX混合药剂撞击感度与摩擦感度随Gr比例含量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,少量Gr可使RDX变得钝感,含量增加时,敏化作用逐渐表现出来;Gr/RDX混合药剂爆速与钢凹深度随Gr比例含量的增加而降低;Gr含量为1%时可显著降低RDX的机械感度,而能量基本不衰减。Gr可作为RDX功能添加剂,在确保能量输出的同时,可降低机械感度、提高安全性。     

Inhibiting effects of gas–particle mixtures containing CO2, Mg(OH)2 particles,and NH4H2PO4 particles on methane explosion in a 20-L closed vessel

The main risk factors from methane explosion are the associated shock waves, flames, and harmful gases. Inert gases and inhibiting powders are commonly used to prevent and mitigate the damage caused by an explosion. In this study, three inhibitors (inert gas with 8.0 vol% CO₂, 0.25 g/L Mg(OH)₂ particles, and 0.25 g/L NH₄H₂PO₄ particles) were prepared. Their inhibiting effects on methane explosions with various concentrations of methane were tested in a nearly spherical 20-L explosion vessel. Both single-component inhibitors and gas–particle mixtures can substantially suppress methane explosions with varying degrees of success. However, various inhibitors exhibited distinct reaction mechanisms for methane gas, which indicated that their inhibiting effects for methane explosion varied. To alleviate amplitude, the ranking of single-component inhibitors for both explosion pressure (P_ex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise [(dP/dt)_ex] was as follows: CO₂, NH₄H₂PO₄ particles, and Mg(OH)₂ particles. In order of decreasing amplitude, the ranking of gas‒particle mixtures for both P_ex and (dP/dt)_ex was as follows: CO₂–NH₄H₂PO₄ mixture, CO₂‒Mg(OH)₂ mixture, and pure CO₂. Overall, the optimal suppression effect was observed in the system with the CO₂–NH₄H₂PO₄ mixture, which exhibited an eminent synergistic effect on methane explosions. The amplitudes of P_ex with methane concentrations of 7.0, 9.5, and 11.0 vol% decreased by 37.1%, 42.5%, and 98.6%, respectively, when using the CO₂–NH₄H₂PO₄ mixture. In addition, an antagonistic effect was observed with CO₂‒Mg(OH)₂ mixtures because MgO, which was generated by the thermal decomposition of Mg(OH)₂, can chemically react with water vapor and CO₂ to produce basic magnesium carbonate (xMgCO₃·yMg(OH)₂·zH₂O), thereby reducing the CO₂ concentration in a reaction system. This research revealed the inhibiting effects of gas‒particle mixtures (including CO₂, Mg(OH)₂ particles, and NH₄H₂PO₄ particles) on methane explosions and provided primary experimental data.     

养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅱ.模型参数的敏感性分析

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型探讨了玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中的参数敏感性,结果表明：在一般土壤与施肥条件下,玉米与大豆幼苗吸收磷的高度敏感性参数或重要限制因素为根系伸长速率与根半径;在相同土壤供磷条件下,供试大豆幼苗根系的磷摄取能力远低于玉米幼苗根系的磷摄取能力,其原因归结于两者在根系最大养分流Imax与根系伸长速率K两个敏感性参数上的差异;玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中三种根毛参数的敏感性均较低,这主要与土壤供磷水平较高有关;土壤含水量在玉米幼苗磷吸收过程中表现了极高的敏感性,当土壤含水量降低时,土壤养分供应参数对玉米幼苗磷吸收的敏感性与限制作用均增大。     

我国铜的淡水生物水质基准研究

铜是生命体必需的一种微量元素,当铜的浓度超过一定范围时,又会对机体产生一定的毒害作用.为了有效控制铜给水生生物带来的不利影响,亟需开展铜的水质基准研究工作.以我国淡水生态系统为保护对象,收集和筛选了淡水水体中的生物物种和相应的毒性数据.用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法分别推导了我国铜的淡水生物水质基准....     

大跨径悬索桥液体黏滞阻尼器参数敏感性研究

为研究液体黏滞阻尼器参数变化对大跨径悬索桥地震响应的控制效果,以某悬索桥为例,基于ANSYS有限元软件建立梁端设置液体黏滞阻尼器的结构有限元分析模型,采用非线性动力时程方法,对液体黏滞阻尼器的阻尼系数和阻尼指数进行参数敏感性分析,并与未设置液体黏滞阻尼器的结构地震响应进行对比,在此基础上研究液体黏滞阻尼器参数变化对结构地震响应的影响。结果表明:对于大跨度悬索桥,液体黏滞阻尼器的设置应以控制地震作用下梁端位移响应为首要目标,阻尼指数对减震效果影响最为显著,其值宜选取在0.8～1.0范围,并根据设计阻尼力来选择适当的阻尼系数值。设置恰当参数的液体黏滞阻尼器,可有效降低悬索桥梁端位移,且不会显著增加结构地震内力响应。     

某飞机系统故障率敏感性分析研究

目的 解决某飞机系统针对不同服役阶段和使用环境的故障率敏感性分析问题,发现影响系统故障率的重要因素。方法 结合Sobol方法和Kriging模型,发展一种适用于某飞机系统的故障率敏感性分析方法。该方法通过收集该飞机系统在不同使用年限和使用环境下的故障率数据,并将其作为训练样本训练Kriging模型成为满足系统故障率预测要求的黑箱函数,然后利用训练好的Kriging模型预测敏感性分析所需的样本故障率。结果 利用该方法对某飞机子系统进行了故障率敏感性分析,给出了影响系统故障率的各变量的主效应及全效应指标,发现平均温度和平均湿度为影响该系统故障率的重要因素。结论 该方法可以更加高效地计算故障率影响变量的敏感性指标,并给出相对重要度排序,可为飞机系统的故障预防、故障诊断和故障维修提供依据。     

广西柳城县VOCs组分特征、来源及其对臭氧生成的敏感性

位于广西柳州市郊区的柳城县存在突出的臭氧(O₃)污染问题,但目前尚未有当地O₃污染成因分析的相关报道.为探究其O₃污染成因,在2021年10月1～15日开展了116种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线连续观测,并对O₃敏感性进行分析.结果表明,观测期间φ[总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)]平均值为27.52×10^-9,其中污染过程(10月1～6日)φ(TVOCs)的平均值为32.15×10^-9,比非污染过程(10月8～15日)高32.79%.从物种浓度来说,含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)贡献最高,贡献率为43.70%,其次是烷烃(23.00%)、芳香烃(11.75%)和卤代烃(7.35%).从臭氧生成潜势(OFP)来说,OVOCs对OFP的贡献率最高(41.96%),其次是芳香烃(32.60%)和烯烃(17.92%).观测期间VOCs主要来自机动车排放(32.44%)、生物质燃烧源(29.31%)、溶剂使用源(16.43%)、植物源(11.34%)和化工企业排放(...     

钢铁行业生命周期碳排放核算及减排潜力评估

钢铁行业是中国碳密集度最高的工业行业之一,为分析钢铁行业生命周期碳排放及碳减排潜力,从生命周期角度构建碳排放核算模型,以2020年为例开展实证分析,通过优化废钢使用量、化石燃料燃烧量、电力碳足迹因子以及清洁运输比例4项变量,对钢铁行业生命周期碳减排潜力作预测评估,同时使用敏感性分析确定影响钢铁生命周期碳减排因素的关键程度.结果表明,2020年中国钢铁行业全生命周期二氧化碳(CO₂)排放总量约24.04亿t,其中原料获取和加工生产阶段是钢铁行业碳排放的关键环节,占钢铁行业生命周期CO₂排放总量的98%以上.从CO₂排放源类别分析,化石燃料节约和外购电力清洁化是钢铁行业降碳的重中之重.到2025年,通过推广低碳技术、优化电力结构、增加废钢炼钢量、提高清洁方式运输比例,分别可使钢铁行业实现20%、 6%、 5%和1%的碳减排潜力.化石燃料燃烧量对钢铁行业生命周期CO₂排放的影响最显著,电力碳足迹因子和废钢炼钢使用量次之.关于钢铁行业节能低碳技术,短期内以推广轧钢工序与高炉炼铁工序低碳技术为主,未来随着电炉...     

Acceleration sensitivity of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures

To measure the explosion pressure inside an enclosure, it is common to install a piezoelectric pressure sensor in the enclosure wall. The pressure wave of the internal explosion inevitably leads to vibrations of the enclosure walls. This unwanted but naturally occurring motion is also transmitted to the pressure sensor mounted in the enclosure wall and results in inertial forces affecting the piezoelectric element. During the measurement of the explosion pressure, this affects the output signal of the pressure sensor since an undesired signal due to the acceleration of the pressure sensor is superimposed on the desired pressure signal. This behaviour of the sensor is described as acceleration sensitivity. The level of acceleration sensitivity depends on the type and construction design of the pressure sensor. Even though this sensor behaviour is basically not a new phenomenon, the evaluation of an international comparison between Ex testing laboratories in the field of flameproof enclosures has shown that the consideration of this issue is a major challenge in daily practice concerning the measurement of explosion pressures and is even often completely neglected.This work evaluates the behaviour of various piezoelectric pressure sensors with respect to the influence of acceleration and investigates the specific impact on the explosion pressure measurement in the field of flameproof enclosures. For this purpose, explosions from typically used explosive mixtures such as hydrogen, propane and ethyne in air are examined. These investigations involve simple model enclosures with various specifications as well as a commercially available equipment for hazardous areas. By using blind holes and specially designed adapters, a practical method is applied to be able to detect the effect of acceleration on the sensor signal separately from the pressure signal. For this purpose, both the discrete-time pressure curves and the frequency components are analysed using Fast Fourier Transform. The use of signal filters as a practical and fast approach to address these unwanted signal components is discussed and evaluated.This paper provides guidelines for typical end-users in the field of flameproof enclosures how to handle acceleration of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures correctly.