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71.
Brock TC Crum SJ Deneer JW Heimbach F Roijackers RM Sinkeldam JA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,130(3):411-426
Three different risk assessment procedures are described that aim to protect freshwater habitats from risks of the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides metribuzin and metamitron. These procedures are (1) the first-tier approach, based on standard toxicity tests and the application of an assessment factor, (2) the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach, based on laboratory tests with a wider array of species and the application of a statistical model to calculate the HCx (the Hazardous Concentration for x% of the species), and (3) the model ecosystem approach, based on the evaluation of treatment-related effects in field enclosures. A comparison of the risk assessment procedures reveals that the first-tier approach is the most conservative for metamitron and metribuzin, and that HC5 values (and even HC10 values) based on acute EC50 values of algae and aquatic vascular plants may be used to derive maximum permissible concentrations for single applications. For both compounds these HC5 values were very similar to the ecological threshold concentrations in the enclosure studies. In contrast to model ecosystem experiments, however, HCx values based on lab toxicity tests do not provide information on the recovery potential of sensitive endpoints and on indirect effects, which may be important for regulatory decision-making. In the enclosure study, indirect effects of metribuzin on invertebrate populations were observed at an exposure concentration that was approximately 20 times lower than the corresponding HC5 value based on lab toxicity data for aquatic invertebrates. 相似文献
72.
氧化镁FGD脱硫过程的建模及其应用 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
氧化镁烟气脱硫是以氧化镁为脱硫反应剂的一种湿法烟气脱硫技术,目前国内外应用甚少,但开发前景广阔。以实验室小试为基础,从气液传质入手,利用双膜理论建立脱硫过程的数学模型,从而对中试脱硫效率进行预测并进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,模型预测的脱硫效率与实际脱硫效率有很高的吻合度,其计算参数能反映出实际运行参数对脱硫效率的影响,对实际工况中操作条件的变更以及运行参数的调试有很高的指导意义。 相似文献
73.
为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义. 相似文献
74.
S. N. Nnamchi M. M. Mundu J. D. Busingye J. U. Ezenwankwo 《International Journal of Green Energy》2019,16(6):450-467
Simulation of helio-photovoltaic system is continuously undergoing revolution through diverse parameter modifications which closely mimic the experimental data. In retrospect, the current work has presented a nonlinear modification of equivalent circuit parameters and simulated the same for different semiconductors (crystalline and thin films); furthermore, established a mathematical relation between the coefficients of solar irradiance and module temperature (SIMT); moreover, investigated the influence of SIMT on the model parameters. The simulation upshot reveals that increment in solar irradiance (SI) intensifies the output current whereas an increase in module temperature (MT) diminishes the output voltage; the SIMT coefficients developed validated well with the manufacturers data; the influence of SI was evident on the photon current, diode current, and shunt resistance whereas the effect of MT was pronounced on the diode current, ideality factor, and shunt resistance. Thus, the provision made by this work is essential for advanced design and simulation of helio-photovoltaic systems. 相似文献
75.
Intelligently controlling ventilation networks after an abnormal air branch is difficult. The key variable-frequency mine ventilator control factors that are used to correct this phenomenon were discussed. To improve the fitting accuracy of the mine ventilator characteristic curves, a database of characteristic curves for mine ventilators operating at different frequencies was established using the interpolation method for optimizing uniform approximations by Chebyshev. The concept of frequency sensitivity analysis by analyzing the sensitive branch in the ventilation network was proposed. The linear function between the mine ventilator working frequency and branch wind quantity was fitted out by experiments. A model based on Tikhonov regularization measured the branch wind quantity to calculate the wind resistance in the ventilation network, which yielded a unique branch resistance model solution. The mine air was monitored by calculating the variable wind resistance from the branch wind quantity. The sensitive branch coupling in the mine ventilator variable-frequency controlled ventilation was analyzed and combined with the control theory for ventilation networks. Two types of variable frequency were controlled to adjust the branch wind quantity, the frequency-concentration (f-w) servo control method and the curve search method. The experimental model was established for the Da Liu-ta coal mine ventilation system using the mine ventilator variable-frequency system controller to adjust the branch wind quantity. Because gas is explosive, CO2 was used instead of gas for this experiment. The results indicate that the mine ventilator variable-frequency control automatically adjusted the branch wind quantity, which strictly followed the frequency-concentration servo control method and curve search method. Increasing the CO2 concentration caused the mine ventilator variable-frequency controller to increase the branch wind quantity automatically to maintain the CO2 concentration under the threshold value. The experimental results also demonstrated both the practicability of variable-frequency regulation for air branch systems and the feasibility of the branch quantity adjusted theory. Theoretical guidance for adjusting the ventilation branch quantity for a variable-frequency mine ventilator was provided. 相似文献
76.
巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累. 相似文献
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80.
借助居住区热时间常数和地表热时间常数计算城市局地气温变化,给出的数学模型简单实用,但考虑了多项城市相关参数。结果表明实测值与预测值吻合较好。对部分城市参数作了敏感性分析,初步揭示了各参数变化对城市居住区气温的影响。 相似文献