南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。     

基于二级近似的航天器结构的模型修正方法

目的基于航天器结构自由度数大且结构复杂,直接对有限元模型修正计算效率低的问题,利用二级近似方法来提高有限元模型修正的计算效率。方法根据特征向量建立Ritz空间推导出频率响应及其敏度的一级近似计算公式,利用近似函数二级近似计算结构参数变化后的动刚度矩阵,通过多重优化流程消除近似计算引入的误差。结果通过两个数值算例进行验证,该方法提高了结构模型修正的计算效率。结论该方法适用于航天器结构的模型修正。     

Control Strategy Optimization for Attainment and Exposure Mitigation: Case Study for Ozone in Macon, Georgia

Implementation of more stringent 8-hour ozone standards has led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to designate nonattainment status to 474 counties nationwide, many of which had never previously violated air quality standards. As states select emission control measures to achieve attainment in these regions, their choices pose significant implications to local economies and the health of their citizens. Considering a case study of one such nonattainment region, Macon, Georgia, we develop a menu of potential controls that could be implemented locally or in neighboring parts of the state. The control menu offers the potential to control about 20–35% of ozone precursor emissions in most Georgia regions, but marginal costs increase rapidly beyond 15–20%. We link high-order ozone sensitivities with the control menu to identify cost-optimized strategies for achieving attainment and for alternative goals such as reducing spatially averaged or population-weighted ozone concentrations. Strategies targeted toward attainment of Macon ozone would prioritize local reductions of nitrogen oxides, whereas controls in the more densely populated Atlanta region are shown to be more effective for reducing statewide potential population exposure to ozone. A U.S. EPA-sanctioned approach for demonstrating ozone attainment with photochemical models is shown to be highly dependent on the choice of a baseline period and may not foster optimal strategies for assuring attainment and protecting human health.     

对有机磷农药敏感的海鱼脑AChE筛选研究

以10种海洋鱼类:鲅鱼、黄花鱼、鲈鱼、黄鱼、美国红鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、面包鱼、黑头鱼和鳗鲡为实验材料,采用半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)和双分子速率常数(K_i)为指标,通过体外抑制作用比较了这10种海鱼脑AChE对马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的敏感性,并分析了海鱼脑AChE作为监测海水中有机磷农药指示酶的可行性,由此筛选出适于制备海水有机磷农药酶传感器的指示酶.实验表明:10种海鱼脑AChE的基础活性在4.62～35.65μmol/(min·g)之间,面包鱼的酶活性最高,黄花鱼的酶活性最低.对马拉硫磷,由IC₅₀所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼、黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷>黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼.对甲基对硫磷,由IC50所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼>黄鱼、黄花鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼、黄鱼、黄花鱼、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>真鲷>美国红鱼>面包鱼.鲅鱼脑AChE对2种有机磷农药都较为敏感.影响鱼脑AChE对有机磷农药敏感性的主要因素为生物来源、农药种类和抑制方式,而与酶的基础活性无关.海鱼脑AChE活力抑制作用与水体中的有机磷农药具有良好的剂量-效应关系,在1～50mg/L浓度范围内,两者间呈现较好的线性相关性(r²≥0.93).根据AChE的敏感性及其对有机磷农药的线性响应程度,鲅鱼脑AChE适于作为监测马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷酶传感器的指示酶.     

2种海水轮虫对UV-B辐射敏感性的比较

运用生态毒理学方法研究了褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和壶状臂尾轮虫(B.urceolaris)对UV-B辐射的敏感性。结果表明:UV-B辐射对轮虫有较大的伤害作用,且当辐射强度达一定阈值会对其产生急性致死作用。UV-B辐射对褶皱臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为4.393、2.694和1.720 kJ/m2,对壶状臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为5.856、4.516和1.730 kJ/m2;而UV-B辐射对2种轮虫的急性致死强度阈值均为(50±10)μW/cm2。由此可以看出,在实验所用的UV-B辐射强度剂量范围内,褶皱臂尾轮虫在UV-B辐射处理后的24和48 h对UV-B辐射的敏感性要大于壶状臂尾轮虫,而在处理后的96 h,2种轮虫对UV-B辐射的敏感性则无显著差别。     

地铁隧道回填段围岩失稳影响因素权重分析

为了能够更好的分析出对隧道回填段围岩影响因素的权重关系,对比了7种常用权重分析法的优缺点,并进行方法选择.然后,在地铁隧道回填段权重分析中采用层次分析法AHP,研究影响回填隧道围岩稳定不同层级的权重排序,研究结果显示含水率、含石量处于首要、次要位置.最后,通过敏感度图直观的反映出了各个影响因子的敏感度大小,展示了各因子...     

氧化镁FGD脱硫过程的建模及其应用

氧化镁烟气脱硫是以氧化镁为脱硫反应剂的一种湿法烟气脱硫技术,目前国内外应用甚少,但开发前景广阔。以实验室小试为基础,从气液传质入手,利用双膜理论建立脱硫过程的数学模型,从而对中试脱硫效率进行预测并进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,模型预测的脱硫效率与实际脱硫效率有很高的吻合度,其计算参数能反映出实际运行参数对脱硫效率的影响,对实际工况中操作条件的变更以及运行参数的调试有很高的指导意义。     

压电石英传感器测定空气中氮氧化物

通过电化学活化和硅烷偶联剂在石英谐振器的金电极表面修饰对氮氧化物(NO_x)敏感的金属酞菁化合物,制成压电气体传感器.探讨了不同敏感材料对NO_x的响应灵敏度、检出限及载气流速、温度和干扰气体等对传感器的响应和回复特性的影响.结果表明:酞菁铅最敏感;其适宜的载气流速为40 mL/min,温度范围为10~40 ℃;在9.55×10_-4~1.91 mg/m₃质量浓度范围内,有良好的线性响应关系;用于大气中NO_x的测定,有较好的可靠性和准确性.使用寿命约300次.      

浅谈提高爆炸容器使用安全性的技术措施

针对爆炸容器工作时 ,产生的爆炸冲击波、破片、有害气体、振动及噪声等危害因素 ,简述了国内外使用爆炸容器时 ,采取的一些相关安全技术措施 ;提出了将结构健康监测技术应用于爆炸容器寿命安全评估的构想     

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: A NECESSITY IN WATER PLANNING1

ABSTRACT In water planning activities, major emphasis has been placed on the development of procedures for devising “optimum plans.” These plans are defined as those which meet prespecified demands for water at “minimum cost.” However, all plans are developed subject to postulated conditions regarding the state of the physical system and of nature. Because planning takes place in a dynamic and uncertain environment in which postulated conditions are known to change, it is imperative that the planner be apprised in the planning phase of the effect of changes which can occur. Using “this information, a planner can temper his judgment with a knowledge of the effect of the uncertainty resulting from changes in the system state variables. This paper presents results of the use of a computer simulation and optimization model to quantify possible variations in system response which could occur as a result of uncertainty in the postulated physical and economic conditions under which the proposed water development system was to perform. The possible effects of these variable responses on planning decision-making is discussed.