油田用钨合金镀层腐蚀性能评价研究

目的评价钨合金镀层油管的腐蚀性能。方法利用高压釜模拟高压气井和高含硫气井的腐蚀环境,进行高压高温腐蚀试验,以及标准的氢致开裂(HIC)和硫化氢应力腐蚀试验。采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)及其能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD),分析或检测钨合金镀层和基管的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物的组成。结果油管表面的钨合金镀层平整而致密,其主要组成元素为W和Ni。高温高压腐蚀试验后,镀层仍然致密平整,腐蚀程度轻微。在60、90、120、140℃试验7天时,镀层和基材的H_2S/CO_2腐蚀速率分别为0.0179、0.0093、0.0102、0.0369 mm/a和1.030、1.272、1.183、0.991 mm/a。试验30天,在120℃时,其H_2S/CO_2腐蚀速率分别为-0.0085、0.1789 mm/a;在160℃时,其CO_2腐蚀速率分别为0.0091、0.8976 mm/a。该钨合金镀层均通过了标准的氢致开裂和硫化氢应力腐蚀试验。结论该钨合金镀层具有很好的耐腐蚀性能。     

加热炉炉管穿孔事故处理及原因分析

以一起直接式原油加热炉炉管穿孔事故为例,介绍了事故处理程序,分析了炉管穿孔的原因是由于漏点腐蚀、坑点腐蚀以及炉管管卡损坏导致的,并提出了类似事故防范对策.     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.     

CH_4/N_2/O_2预混气激波火焰结构数值预测

研究激波着火现象，推导激波加热点燃可燃气控制方程组。针对甲烷预混气激波火焰结构进行数值模拟，计算了激波燃烧时的压力、温度、及不同组分随时间的变化历程。其中甲烷燃烧采用美国BERKELEY大学GRI-MECH机理，该反应机理包含177个基元反应，涉及32种组分。程序采用美国SANDIA国家实验室发展的大型化学反应动力学软件包CHEMKIN III中相关的模型、子程序和热力学数据库。计算结果表明激波火焰有其自身的结构特征。     

九畹溪大桥大跨度钢管拱分段整体吊装施工安全措施探讨

在进行缆索吊装大跨度双肋钢管拱悬拼施工中,过去多采用空中焊接横联作业,该项施工难度大,尤其在桥高、风大、两岸地形陡峭、施工条件困难的情况下,施工安全和施工质量难以保证。是否能将空中焊接作业转化成地面作业,本文详细介绍缆索吊装大跨度双肋钢管拱进行悬拼施工新技术,并结合九畹溪大桥施工实例,探讨缆索吊装双肋悬拼钢管拱施工中工艺程序、质量控制、安全措施等工程施工新方法及施工效果。     

Coupling effects of foam ceramics on the flame and shock wave of gas explosion

The coupling of gas explosion flame and shock wave is analyzed. In the gas explosion process, shock wave is affected by the flame directly, and shock wave also induces the flame. Inhibiting explosion can be achieved by the interference between the flame and shock wave propagation. If the coupling effects can be damaged, the adverse effects caused by the explosion should be mitigated and controlled. According to the structure characteristics of foam ceramics, the coupling effects mechanism of ceramic foam on gas explosion flame and shock wave is researched. When the explosion goes through the structure of foam ceramics, the flame can be quenched and the shock wave be attenuated. After the flame is quenched, the supply of precursor shock wave energy is cut off. Due to lack of energy supply, the destructive effects of blast wave will be reduced effectively. Coupling effects of the flame and shock wave can be damaged by the special structure of foam ceramics. Studies suggest that a certain function to represent the structure characteristics of foam ceramics must exist. For a certain material of foam ceramics, the sure porosity δ and the pore diameter d also can be get, which is the key to research and develop foam ceramic suppression technology of gas explosion.