总氮自动分析仪在地表水监测中的优势与局限研究

文章分析了总氮自动分析仪在地表水监测中的优势与局限。通过对检出限、精密度、准确度等一系列实验室质量要求进行测定发现,该法的空白较低,准确度和精密度均能达到国标要求,分析效率高,但检出限偏高,适合总氮含量较高的地表水监测,对于含量较低的地表水,还应使用传统的国标方法检测。     

海洋原位化学探测核心技术的研究应用

化学传感器和化学分析器是海洋原位化学探测系统中的核心技术。本文从电化学、光纤化学和湿法化学分析等三个领域介绍了国际上化学传感器和化学分析器的研究和应用现状 ,比较了部分化学传感器和化学分析器的性能指标和优缺点 ,指出了海洋原位化学探测技术的发展趋势。与国外海洋原位化学探测技术的研究相比 ,我国在这方面的研究基本上还是空白 ,海洋原位化学探测技术已成为我国亟待发展的海洋高新技术之一。     

自动电位滴定法测定气田废水中的C1~-

利用电位滴定法在７１６ＤＭＳ型自动电位滴定仪上实现对气田废水中Ｃ１－的快速、灵敏、准确测定,避免了色度、浊度的干扰。对方法的检出限、标样和实际水样精密度、准确度,进行了全面的测定分析,并与硝酸银滴定法进行了对比。氯化物的检出限为０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ;相对标准偏差小于等于２．１％,加标回收率在９８．９％１０１％范围内,对同一标样和实际样品的测定两种方法的结果吻合较好。     

一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。     

Uranium quantification in groundwater and health risk from its ingestion in Haryana,India

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element which may cause toxicological or radiological hazards to the public if present in drinking water. This study reports the quantification of uranium in groundwater of major towns of the district Fatehabad, Haryana, India. Uranium concentrations ranged between 0.3 and 48 μg L^?1. In 22% of the groundwater samples, uranium concentrations were higher than the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 30 µg L^?1. The radiological dose for males was found to be in the range of 4.8?×?10^?4–7.1?×?10^?2 mSv y^?1 and for females 3.5?×?10^?4–5.2?×?10^?2 mSv y^?1. The results showed that due to the ingestion of groundwater in the study area, radiological cancer risk is in the range of 9.1?×?10^?7–1.3?×?10^?4, lower than the risk limit. Uranium ingestion from groundwater varied from 0.02 to 3.5 µg kg^?1 day^?1, which is within acceptable limit.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.     

大气颗粒物吸湿性研究

大气颗粒物吸湿性是反映颗粒物理化性质的重要指标,吸湿性研究对深入了解颗粒物的环境和健康效应具有重要意义. 总结了国外近年来大气颗粒物吸湿性研究进展:①典型的大气颗粒物吸湿性分析方法为H-TDMA(吸湿性串联差分电迁移率粒径分析仪)系统及其优化方法. ②大气颗粒物吸湿性呈单峰、双峰甚至多峰分布;根据G_f(吸湿性生长因子)随粒径变化的模式,可将大气颗粒物分为强吸湿性和弱吸湿性2类,也可分为纯不溶性、混合不溶性、混合可溶性和纯可溶性4类. ③城市背景点颗粒物的G_f比城市观测点高;城市观测点的颗粒物G_f分布呈夏季高、冬季低,白天高、晚上低的特征. ④颗粒物吸湿性与其化学组成和形态密切相关,纯可溶性盐颗粒物的G_f通常较高. ⑤柴油燃烧源新排放的颗粒物属于弱吸湿性颗粒物,G_f非常小,但在其表面老化后或随燃料中硫含量的增加G_f会明显变大. ⑥生物质燃烧排放颗粒物的G_f相对较高,但存在区域差异性. 针对国内大气颗粒物吸湿性研究现状,提出了未来重点研究方向.      

Combination of ion exchange system and biological reactors for simultaneous removal of ammonia and organics

A novel process for a simultaneous removal of ammonia and organics was developed on the basis of ion exchange and biological reactions. From batch experiments, it was found out that NH₄⁺ could be removed effectively by combining cation exchange and biological nitrification showing 0.98 mg N/m²?s of a maximum flux. On the other hand, the removal of NO₃⁻ was 3.5 times faster than NH₄⁺ and the maximum flux was calculated to be 3.4 mg N/m²?s. The systems for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ removal were combined for establishing the IEBR process. When the process was operated in a continuous mode, approximately 95.8% of NH₄⁺ was removed showing an average flux of 0.22 mg N/m²·s. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was calculated as 94.5% whereas that of organics was 99.5%. It was concluded that the IEBR process would be effectively used for a simultaneous removal of NH₄⁺ and organics.     

Confidence limits on one-stage model parameters in benchmark risk assessment

In modern environmental risk analysis, inferences are often desired on those low dose levels at which a fixed benchmark risk is achieved. In this paper, we study the use of confidence limits on parameters from a simple one-stage model of risk historically popular in benchmark analysis with quantal data. Based on these confidence bounds, we present methods for deriving upper confidence limits on extra risk and lower bounds on the benchmark dose. The methods are seen to extend automatically to the case where simultaneous inferences are desired at multiple doses. Monte Carlo evaluations explore characteristics of the parameter estimates and the confidence limits under this setting.

Bootstrap methods for simultaneous benchmark analysis with quantal response data

A primary objective in quantitative risk assessment is the characterization of risk which is defined to be the likelihood of an adverse effect caused by an environmental toxin or chemcial agent. In modern risk-benchmark analysis, attention centers on the “benchmark dose” at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved, with a lower confidence limits on this dose being of primary interest. In practice, a range of benchmark risks may be under study, so that the individual lower confidence limits on benchmark dose must be corrected for simultaneity in order to maintain a specified overall level of confidence. For the case of quantal data, simultaneous methods have been constructed that appeal to the large sample normality of parameter estimates. The suitability of these methods for use with small sample sizes will be considered. A new bootstrap technique is proposed as an alternative to the large sample methodology. This technique is evaluated via a simulation study and examples from environmental toxicology.