Global status of and prospects for protection of terrestrial geophysical diversity

Conservation of representative facets of geophysical diversity may help conserve biological diversity as the climate changes. We conducted a global classification of terrestrial geophysical diversity and analyzed how land protection varies across geophysical diversity types. Geophysical diversity was classified in terms of soil type, elevation, and biogeographic realm and then compared to the global distribution of protected areas in 2012. We found that 300 (45%) of 672 broad geophysical diversity types currently meet the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 of 17% terrestrial areal protection, which suggested that efforts to implement geophysical diversity conservation have a substantive basis on which to build. However, current protected areas were heavily biased toward high elevation and low fertility soils. We assessed 3 scenarios of protected area expansion and found that protection focused on threatened species, if fully implemented, would also protect an additional 29% of geophysical diversity types, ecoregional‐focused protection would protect an additional 24%, and a combined scenario would protect an additional 42%. Future efforts need to specifically target low‐elevation sites with productive soils for protection and manage for connectivity among geophysical diversity types. These efforts may be hampered by the sheer number of geophysical diversity facets that the world contains, which makes clear target setting and prioritization an important next step.     

长江上游流域大洪水天气分型特征分析

通过对1981~2012年24例长江上游流域大洪水过程进行普查,发现影响长江上游大洪水强降水过程的天气系统主要为:巴湖槽东移型、贝湖槽稳定型和东北冷槽型。采用统计、诊断及合成分析方法,对3种不同天气类型的大尺度环流背景、主要影响系统及致洪降水发生机理进行研究,并总结其特点及差异。结果表明:3种类型大洪水的洪水特征及降水特征各不相同,大尺度环流背景及天气系统也有所差异。副高及500hPa中高纬环流形势异常是导致强降水发生的直接因素,西南涡、冷暖式切变线及冷空气在不同的类型洪水降水中作用各不相同,异常气旋性环流场、水汽输送方向及水汽通量辐合区与强降水的位置密切相关。     

基于机器学习和情景分析的我国焦化行业企业用地污染预测

针对焦化行业企业用地缺乏时序连续监测数据而无法预测其污染趋势的问题,从企业特征、企业管理水平、污染物特征和自然地理要素等4个方面选取13个影响企业用地污染的指标,识别焦化行业企业用地污染主控因子,在此基础上构建基于机器学习的焦化行业企业用地污染预测模型,并在不同情境下,对2025年和2030年焦化行业企业用地污染状况进行预测.结果表明,生产经营活动时间、建厂时间、企业环境监管记录、土壤黏粒和年均风速是焦化行业企业用地污染的主控因子;相对于支持向量机模型、BP神经网络模型和决策树模型,逻辑斯蒂模型预测价值高、性能指标稳健,其预测精度受试者工作曲线面积为0.91,模型准确率和召回率分别为84%和88%.在乐观情境下,2025年和2030年焦化行业高概率污染地块数量分别为1599块和1695块;在悲观情境下,2025年和2030年焦化行业高概率污染地块数量分别为1671块和1715块.研究结果可为焦化行业企业用地的修复治理和生态环境的宏观决策提供科学依据.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

湟水河小流域地下水脆弱性评价

湟水河地处西北高原干旱地区,针对其流域地下水的特点,选取包气带介质、水位埋深、含水层介质、含水层厚度、净补给量和地形坡度共6个指标并运用三标度AHP法为各个指标赋予权重,构建了改进的DRASTIC模型。运用改进DRASTIC模型对湟水河的小流域范围的地下水脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,湟水河沿岸的部分地区和西堡村附近地下水脆弱性高,地下水易受到污染。与传统DRASTIC模型相比,改进模型与实际情况更加吻合。     

Is small hydropower beautiful? Social impacts of river fragmentation in China’s Red River Basin

Small hydropower (SHP) is promoted as a pro-poor renewable energy source that does not have the negative social impacts of large dams. This article challenges these claims, using data from a household survey in China’s upper Red River Basin. We find that SHP can fragment river systems in ways that reduce irrigation water availability, provoke changes to agricultural practices, and negatively impact river health. These social impacts of river fragmentation mainly occur in villages situated between a plant’s intake and outflow. The frequency of plant water diversions due to continued generation in the dry season significantly predicts all social impacts; installed capacity of the plant and the quality of the village’s irrigation infrastructure predict some impacts. Villages with strong local governance can negotiate with the plant to temporarily halt generation when irrigation water is needed, lessening social impacts. Our findings reveal that SHP plants are not as benign as they are made out to be; they must be built and managed according to community needs.     

气流清扫的超音速喷管气动设计及其性能的对比分析

目的 提出使用拉瓦尔喷管产生高速气流清扫固体表面附着的水膜。方法 设计中心轴对称锥形喷管(Taper-A)、中心轴对称Sivell法喷管(Sivell-A)、中心轴对称短化喷管(MLN-A)和二维锥形型线喷管(Taper-2D),建立包括外流场的LES数值仿真模型,并进行仿真,分析研究外流场结构,并基于韦伯数判据,分析超音速喷管的清扫性能。结果 喷管短化设计方法可以将喷管长度缩短50%。外流场速度呈波动衰减趋势,特征线法喷管的气流膨胀更充分。缩短喷管长度会减小内流场的附面层厚度,因此MLN-A在速度波动中的能量耗散较少;喷管过长也会降低清扫性能,MLN-A和Taper-2D在xL>2区域的最大等效水膜厚度小于0.2 μm,但MLN-A有效清扫面积比Taper-A的喷管提高15%以上,清扫性能最优。结论 喷管短化设计方法可以有效缩短喷管。喷管结构对清扫性能影响较大。MLN-A喷管的清扫性能最优。     

新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能影响的分析

目的 评价新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能的影响。方法 对航空铝合金7075在施加清洗剂清洗后开展中性盐雾试验,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、高分辨率拉曼光谱等研究手段,对铝合金的表面形貌、组织成分及关键化学组分的变化情况进行对比分析,综合评价该清洗剂对铝合金的性能影响。结果 经过新型航空清洗剂清洗和6 h中性盐雾试验后,清洗剂仍在铝合金表面残留有保护膜,且清洗后的铝合金表面经盐雾实验后依然光亮,有明显的二次相颗粒,无絮状物和氯化钠结晶体,其表面褐色腐蚀斑点也更小。结论 经清洗后,铝合金的盐雾腐蚀程度明显更轻,说明清洗剂中的缓蚀剂成分起到了保护作用,该清洗剂具有防盐沉降的作用,可提升航空铝合金的防盐雾腐蚀性能。     

基于应力分解法的整机加速因子预计方法研究

提出了计算整机加速因子的新方法.将整机的失效率通过定量分析方法按照部件、失效模式和应力的顺序逐级下分,从而得到各敏感应力的失效率,再通过加速模型计算各失效模式在加速应力下的失效率.最终可以得到整机在加速应力下的失效率,进而计算出整机加速因子.以典型电子产品为例,预计了弹上计算机在温度、湿度、振动综合环境应力下的加速因子为153.5.