基于改进LEC法的危化企业静电点燃危险评价

危化企业爆炸性危险环境下由静电放电引发的火灾爆炸时有发生,针对这一问题分析了危化企业气体、液体、固体、粉体及人体在不同生产工艺过程中静电电荷来源以及可能的静电放电形式。综合考虑静电点燃源形成可能性、爆炸性环境形成可能性、监控与控制措施有效性以及静电事故后果严重度,构建了基于改进LEC法的静电点燃危险评价方法,该评价方法能实现对危化企业静电点燃源危害的量化评估与分级。应用该方法对某加油站进行静电点燃危险评价,并根据评价结果提出了预防改进措施。     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.     

河西走廊星火产业带城市生态经济联系强度测算

随着社会经济发展和市场化、全球化的推进,城市在区域发展中的地位和作用日益加强,区域内部与区域之间生态经济联系更加密切与复杂。基于改进的万有引力模型,将城市生态系统服务价值引入区域生态经济联系系统,测算了河西走廊星火产业带城市间生态经济联系强度及隶属度。结果表明,产业带城市生态经济联系强度整体偏低,两极分化显著。     

可燃气体(液体蒸气)爆炸测试装置的改进研究

以可燃气体(液体蒸气)爆炸测试装置改进为主线,综述国内外各种测试装置的优缺点。对不同装置、测试方法以及测试原理进行比较分析,研讨可燃气体爆炸的特点和爆炸参数测试方法以及对现有测试装置的改进方案。即对20 L爆炸测试装置的配气系统和控制系统进行了合理改进,使引射混合配气与循环混合配气相结合,使可燃气体(液体蒸气)与空气混合更均匀,控制操作更简便,还指出了今后研究工作中应注意的一些问题和研究重点。     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

不同配比安全点火药B/KNO_3的研究

为研究可靠点燃主装药,性能稳定的B/KNO3点火药,对不同配比的B/KNO3进行配制并对其性能进行测试。不同配比B/KNO3在火焰感度、静电火花感度、撞击感度、摩擦感度4项外界刺激中,除了对撞击非常钝感之外,对其他3项外界刺激敏感。在不同比例的药中,以B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药火焰感度最高,稳定性好;静电火花感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而降低,摩擦感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而提高,但当中B比例从40%提高到50%时,这两感度改变不多。分析得出B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药满足对主装药点火可靠,稳定性好。     

燃烧、爆炸过程复杂性行为的非线性动力学—突变燃烧学、突变爆炸学(Ⅱ)(上)

针对燃烧,爆炸学中存在的大量非连续性现象,提出了突变燃烧学和突变爆炸学的概念,指出了突变燃烧学和突变爆炸学的基本任务和主要研究内容。提出了单颗碳粒着火和熄火现象的突变机理。     

水分对堆积状态褐煤自燃特性影响研究

为研究水分对低阶煤在堆积状态下自然发火特性的影响,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热试验法,分析不同水分含量(4％～23％)白音华褐煤的升温过程及临界自燃着火温度.进一步研究不同煤样粒径(0.5～5 mm)和煤堆体积(1.25 ～10 ×105 mm3)条件下,水分对堆积褐煤自燃特性的影响....     

Experimental study on the influence of the nitrogen concentration in the air on the minimum ignition energies of combustible powders due to electrostatic discharges

As a useful method of preventing dust explosions, nitrogen (N₂), an incombustible gas, has been applied to an explosive atmosphere. This paper is a report that quantitatively determines whether the minimum ignition energy of powder depends on the nitrogen (or oxygen) concentration in the air. Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and six sample powders were used in this study. The results show that the minimum ignition energies of all of the powders used in this study increased with increased amounts of N₂ in the air. However, the effects were different in all of the sample powders. We finally suggest that the N₂ concentration of 84% (or above) prevents dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges in the industrial process with the sample powders used in this experiment.     

HAZOP技术在炼油火炬系统工艺危害分析中的应用

为系统辨识火炬系统存在的危险有害因素,提高火炬系统的安全设计及运行水平,采用危险与可操作性（HAZOP）分析对火炬系统开展了工艺危害分析。以火炬筒体为例,分析了火炬筒体的控制参数,给出了筒体火焰小、高空点火器点火不成功、地面爆燃点火系统点火失败等偏差的HAZOP分析结果,并针对高风险的偏差提出了相应的建议措施。从分析效果来看,HAZOP技术可用于炼油火炬系统的工艺危害分析,能系统地辨识炼油火炬系统存在的隐患,有助于提高装置工艺安全水平。