典型化工废渣污染土壤中汞的空间分布规律研究

为阐明氯碱厂废渣堆积遗留场地中汞的空间分布规律,在某典型场地设置313个表层（0.5 m）、79个深层（0.5～13.5 m）土壤采样点位及6个地下水采样点位,分析所有土壤样品的总汞浓度、表层土壤的理化性质及地下水总汞浓度.结果显示：（1）该场地土壤汞污染严重,313个表层土壤样点汞检出浓度为0.002～579.14 mg·kg^-1,平均为8.43 mg·kg^-1,高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的风险管控值(6 mg·kg^-1).反距离权重法（IDW）及自然邻域法（NNI）对该场地的汞水平浓度分布的插值更为准确.（2）79个深层点位土壤垂向检测结果显示,土壤上层区域（0.5、1.5、2.5 m）汞污染浓度更高,3个深度层的汞浓度平均值分别为7.3、5.5、3.1 mg·kg^-1,2.5 m以下7个深度层的汞浓度平均值仅为（1.02±0.15）mg·kg^-1;汞垂向富集因子为0.4～32,大多数（66%）采样点位汞的富集因子（EF）随着土壤深度增加显著下...     

基于地统计学的降雨侵蚀力插值方法研究——以江苏省为例

利用江苏省2001-2006年260个站点的自动记录降雨资料,运用卜氏算法计算各站点多年平均降雨侵蚀力,并结合地统计学进行分析与误差对比,结果显示在二阶、球型半变异函数模型参数条件下,普通Kriging插值方法的模拟精度较高,在江苏省具有较好的适用性;基于水土保持工作中雨量站点的选址原则共选取了21个代表站,通过优选出的普通Kriging插值方法对代表站的代表性进行了验证,结果显示选址方法可行.     

地表水环境质量灰关联评价方法探讨

针对当前灰关联评价法的不足 ,采用线性内插的方法进行了改进 ,提高了分辨率 ,在此基础上 ,以马颊河为例 ,对其 1 986～1 998年间的水环境监测数据进行了评价 ,得到了较为可靠且可比的结果。     

基于三维空间插值技术的某场地中总石油烃污染分布确定

为了解总石油烃在场地中的扩散分布规律,立体呈现其污染分布特征,选择华北某污染场地为研究对象,分层采集土壤样品并采用三维空间插值软件EVS-Pro建立地质模型和污染插值模型,对C16总石油烃(脂肪族)(以下简称总石油烃)分布特征进行分析。结果表明:不同采样点位污染物浓度分布差异明显,总石油烃最高值是DB11/T 811—2011《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》的11.71倍;场地内污染物表现出较强的垂直和水平迁移能力,在空间中的迁移分布特征与生产历史状况、水文地质条件密切相关。研究表明,通过三维插值模型构建的插值结果可以更加直观地呈现污染分布,更好地反映各因素对总石油烃分布的影响。     

Biofidelity Corridors for Sternum Kinematics in Low-Speed Side Impacts

Objective: Field data show that side impact car crashes have become responsible for a greater proportion of the fatal crashes compared to frontal crashes, which suggests that the protection gained in frontal impact has not been matched in side impact. One of the reasons is the lack of understanding of the torso injury mechanisms in side impact. In particular, the deformation of the rib cage and how it affects the mechanical loading of the individual ribs have yet to be established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the ribcage deformation in side impacts by describing the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine.

Methods: The 3D kinematics of the 1st and of the 5th or 6th thoracic vertebrae and of the sternum were obtained for three Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) impacted laterally by a rigid wall traveling at 15 km/h. The experimental data were processed to express the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine throughout the impact event. Methods were developed to interpolate the kinematics of the vertebrae for which experimental data were not available.

Results: The kinematics of the sternocostal junction for ribs 1 to 6 as well as the orientation of the sternum were expressed in the vertebra coordinate systems defined for each upper thoracic vertebra (T1 to T6). Corridors were designed for the motion of the sternum relative to each vertebra. In the experiments, the sternum moved upward for all rib levels (1 to 6), and away from the spine with an amplitude that increased with the decreasing rib level (from rib 1 to rib 6). None of the differences observed in the kinematics could be correlated to the occurrence of rib fractures.

Conclusions: This study provides both qualitative and quantitative information for the ribcage skeletal kinematics in side impact. This data set provides the information required to better evaluate computational models of the thorax for side impact simulations. The corridors developed in this study provide new biofidelity targets for the impact response of the ribcage. This study contributes to augmenting the state of knowledge of the human chest deformation in side impact to better characterize the rib fracture mechanisms.     

Interpolating SRTM Elevation Data to Higher Resolution to Improve Hydrologic Analysis

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) has been a valuable resource for hydrological analysis, providing elevation data at a consistent resolution on a near‐global scale. However, its resolution (three arc‐second or 90 m) is sometimes too low to obtain the desired level of accuracy and precision for hydrologic analysis. We evaluated the performance of several methods for interpolating SRTM three arc‐second data to a 30‐m resolution grid to better represent topography and derive terrain characteristics of the landscape. STRM data were interpolated to 30‐m DEMs on a common grid using spline, inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging (KR), natural neighbor methods, and cubic convolution (CC) resampling. Accuracy of the methods was assessed by comparing interpolated and resampled 30‐m grids with the reference data. Slope, aspect, sinks, and stream networks were derived for the 30‐m grids and compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis to evaluate their performance in reproducing the derivatives. The comparisons identify spline and KR as the most accurate interpolation methods, of which spline is preferred because of its relative simplicity. IDW provided the greatest bias in all methods with artifacts evident in slope and aspect maps. The performance of CC projection directly to a 30‐m resolution was comparable to spline interpolation, thus is recommended as the most convenient method for interpolating SRTM to a higher resolution.     

旅游交通弱势群体景区偏好与可达度研究——以大学生秦岭景区旅游为例

针对交通弱势群体的旅游可达问题,通过RBF插值法对秦岭景区大学生的偏好度与公共交通可达度(PTA)之间的关系进行研究.研究发现:①现实偏好度(AP)和潜在偏好度(PP)的高聚集区和低分散区吻合,而其他区域的差异较大,AP呈阶梯状变化而PP分布均衡；②可达性较高区域中的AP与PP吻合,而在较低区域中差异较大；③邻近中心城镇区域中PP与PTA呈正相关,而远离中心城镇区域中两者的影响不大.因此,提高公共交通可达度有助于实现旅游的民生功能.     

ArcGIS支持下的样本稀疏山区空间插值模拟探讨

样本稀疏地区空间插值法对区域化变量的精准管理具有重要意义。基于ArcGIS 90,在分析土壤属性空间分布特征的基础上,提出并构建了基于不同土壤类型的土壤特性空间预测模拟模型,对比了传统方法与改进方法空间插值精度,实现了数值插值在复杂地理环境区域的应用,得到以下结论：(1)基于经度、纬度、海拔高度及坡度等地理因子的土壤基础环境因子的空间预测模拟模型,突破以往只能描述土壤属性在水平方向变化的局限,较客观、合理地反映土壤属性随地理位置及海拔高度的立体变化特征;(2)基于不同土壤类型回归模型来增加样本点以推断评价指标在无取样地区的分布状况的处理方式具有一定的数学理论支撑,有效降低了插值误差,提高了评价精度,使评价结果更加接近现实。     

基于本质安全的化学工艺风险评价方法研究

基于本质安全原理对化学工艺进行风险评价,以易燃性、易爆性、毒性、腐蚀性、反应热、化学活性、工艺温度、工艺压力和存储量9个指标,建立化学工艺的本质安全评价指标体系。采用基于遗传算法的Shepard插值算法对本质安全进行评价,以甲基丙烯酸甲酯的合成工艺路线为例进行分析,结果表明该方法适用于化学工艺本质安全评价,相对传统方法更加科学,能够有效对危险工艺进行选择,为政府监管部门和化工企业提供工艺选择决策技术。     

Kriging and Bilinear Methods for Estimating Spatial Pattern of Atmospheric Pollutants

Two statistical methods to reconstruct the spatial pattern ofenvironmental data are compared: the Kriging and the Bilinear.The comparison is performed by evaluating two differentcharacteristics of the methods: the interpolation and the estimation. The Kriging method is demonstrated to be better thanthe Bilinear regarding all the statistics studied, although thedifferences are not very significant. Especially, the Kriging ismore efficient than the Bilinear in the reconstruction of peakvalues and it does not extrapolate local trends. The methods areapplied to a set of environmental data measured in an urban area.