2000~2010年汉江流域湿地动态变化及其空间趋向性

基于面向对象分类方法建立汉江流域2000年、2005年和2010年湿地景观数据库。运用湿地景观动态变化指数、强度指数及多度指数等方法分析近10a来汉江流域湿地景观变化的时空分异特征及空间趋向性。结果表明：2000年以来,汉江流域湖泊、河流、水田湿地面积大幅度减少,其中前5a（2000~2005年）湿地变化强度明显高于后5a（2005~2010年）。空间趋向性以湿地景观内部转变和湿地向其他用地转移为主要特征,内部转变以水田与水库坑塘间的转变为主,在空间上呈现3种趋向特征：湖泊周围[0-12]km两者之间转化强度随距离拉大而增大;河流周围两者转变趋势明显,在[4-6] km变化尤为突出;交通用地附近[0-4] km水田与水库坑塘间转变强度高。水田、湖泊和水库坑塘湿地向建设用地的转变是引起区域湿地面积萎缩的重要原因,10a间湿地向建设用地转变总量约为470.43 km²,占湿地变化总量的22.55%。     

Lean methane premixed combustion over a catalytically stabilized zirconia foam burner

This study experimentally investigates lean methane/air premixed combustion in a catalytic zirconia foam burner. The burner is packed with an inert perforated alumina plate at the inlet preheating zone and with catalytic zirconia foams at the combustion zone. Catalytic foams are prepared by using a modified perovskite catalyst (LaMn_0.4Co_0.6O₃), in which the transition metal ion Co is partially substituted by Mn and supported by inert zirconia foam. Results indicate that the flame stability limits of both catalytic and inert burners expand with increasing equivalence ratios. The stable combustion region of the catalytic burner is larger than that of the inert burner. The heterogeneous catalytic combustion effect can decrease and increase the lower and upper flame stability limits, respectively. The central temperatures of the flame fronts are higher in the catalytic burner than in the inert burner. The pressure drops of the catalytic burner are almost equal to those of the inert burner in cold flows but are significantly higher than those in the inert burner in reaction flows. Less amounts of carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are detected in the catalytic burner relative to the inert burner. The thermal radiation efficiencies of the catalytic burner vary between 0.24 and 0.39 and are favorably superior to those of the inert burner, ranging from 0.11 to 0.20.     

Effects of fuel reactivity and injection timing on diesel engine combustion and emissions

Recent strategies for simultaneously reducing NOx and soot emissions have focused on achieving nearly premixed, low-temperature combustion (LTC) in diesel engines. A promising approach in this regard is to vary fuel reactivity in order to control the ignition delay and optimize the level of premixing and reduce emissions. The present study examines such a strategy by performing 3-D simulations in a single-cylinder of a diesel engine. Simulations employ the state-of-the-art two-phase models and a validated semi-detailed reaction mechanism. The fuel reactivity is varied by using a blend of n-heptane and iso-octane, which represent surrogates for gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. Results indicate that the fuel reactivity strongly influences ignition delay and combustion phasing, whereas the start of injection (SOI) affects combustion phasing. As fuel reactivity is reduced, the ignition delay is increased and the combustion phasing is retarded. The longer ignition delay provides additional time for mixing, and reduces equivalence ratio stratification. Consequently, the premixed combustion is enhanced relative to diffusion combustion, and thus the soot emission is reduced. NO_x emission is also reduced due to reduced diffusion combustion and lower peak temperatures caused by delayed combustion phasing. An operability range is observed in terms of fuel reactivity and SOI, beyond which the mixture may not be sufficiently well mixed, or compression ignited. The study demonstrates the possibility of finding an optimum range of fuel reactivity, SOI, and EGR for significantly reducing engine out emissions for a given load and speed.     

Verification results of jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization as a real-time PCDD/F emission monitor

A jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) monitor was tested on a hazardous-waste-fired boiler for its ability to determine concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). Jet REMPI is a real-time instrument capable of highly selective and sensitive (from parts per billion to parts per trillion) detection of a broad range of aromatic compounds, including a number of air toxic compounds. The PCDD/F toxic equivalency (TEQ) value was derived from a predetermined correlation (R ² = 0.74) with monochlorobenzene (MClBz). This relationship was applied to nine subsequent jet REMPI on-line measurements of MClBz and parallel, standard extractive sampling for PCDD/F TEQ. For high waste-firing rates, with a range of PCDD/F TEQ values between 3.9 and 6.0 ng TEQ/m³, the TEQ values predicted by jet REMPI had a relative difference of 26% with the standard EPA Method 23 results. At low waste-firing rates (0.9–1.6 ng TEQ/m³), the relative difference increased to 219%. This limited testing shows that jet REMPI has promise as an on-line diagnostic monitor, providing feedback on the effects on PCDD/F emissions of operating parameter changes such as fuel feed interruptions or air pollution control failures.     

南通市濠河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态环境风险评价

对濠河沉积物重金属污染的总体水平进行调查,采用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价南通市濠河沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态环境风险,分析2001-2011年濠河沉积物重金属污染变化趋势.结果表明,濠河重金属污染程度属于中污染水平,重金属潜在生态危害属较强级别,毒性系数较大的总镉潜在生态危害排在首位,总镉应作为今后濠河水环境综合整治的重点防控指标.     

长江经济带区域经济差异分析

长江经济带是与沿海经济带并列的国家一级发展轴线,自20世纪90年代以来其内部区域经济差距日趋扩大,如何缩小差距以促进长江经济带整体和谐发展是摆在当前的重要任务。基于SPSS12.0统计分析软件和历年统计数据,分析长江经济带内部三大地区及41个地市之间的区域经济差异,找出产生区域差异的主要因素,然后对这些因素进行分析,以期在此基础上找到缩小区域差异、促进可持续发展的政策建议。最后对长江经济带内部各省市经济发展进行预测,分析长江经济带各省市发展的趋势。长江经济带内部差异显著,且有拉大趋势;发展前景良好,是国家重要的经济增长轴。     

氧化煤自燃特性实验研究

为解决大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井12下208综放工作面采空区存在大量氧化煤的遗煤自燃预测问题,对原煤及不同程度的氧化煤进行程序升温实验,分析研究低温氧化特性的变化规律,根据灰色理论对自燃标志气体进行优选。结果表明:原煤与氧化煤的临界温度与干裂温度相差不明显,分别在40~50 ℃与110~120 ℃之间;根据临界温度、干裂温度及其指数增长点将煤低温氧化过程分为缓慢自热（50~＜90 ℃）、加速自热（90~＜120 ℃）、热解裂变（120~＜160 ℃）和热解加速（160~＜200 ℃）4个阶段。在缓慢自热阶段以G2（0.01~＜0.039）和R1（0.001 5~＜0.007 7）为指标;在加速自热阶段以R1（0.007 7~＜0.019 5）和G3(0.000 9～＜0.003 7)为指标;在热解裂变阶段以烯烷比（0~＜0.484）和G3（0.003 7~＜0.037 4）为指标;在热解加速阶段以R1（0.046 8~＜0.072 6）和烯烷比（0.484~＜0.992）为指标气体。实验结果对采空区遗煤的自燃防治具有一定的指导作用。     

QSPR在混合物典型燃爆特性预测中的研究进展

为全面了解定量结构-性质关系（QSPR）方法在混合物燃爆特性预测中的研究现状,展望其发展趋势,综述其在混合物闪点、爆炸极限与自燃温度预测中的国内外研究进展,分析预测目标参数的选择、数据收集、描述符计算和筛选以及模型建立和验证等方面的不足与研究方向。结果表明:QSPR在混合物燃爆特性预测中尚处于起步阶段,当前研究的首要限制是混合物燃爆特性参数实验数据样本不足,关键点及难点是混合物结构的准确表征,未来研究应关注的重点是大量数据源统一的数据样本的获取方法、非加和性混合物分子描述符的计算方法以及机器学习等非线性建模方法。     

农户对生物质能源产业参与意愿实证分析——以湖北省为例

生物质能源一直是人类赖以生存的重要能源,它是仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气而居于世界能源消费总量第四位的能源,在整个能源系统中占有重要地位。生物质能源产业的发展不仅仅需要产品生产企业、政府相关机构的参与,微观个体农户同样扮演着至关重要的角色。农户对生物质能源产业的态度和行为,会对政府和生产者的行为选择产生深刻影响。以湖北农户对生物质能源产业的参与意愿的调查为例,运用因子分析法,对农户对生物质能源产业参与意愿和参与行为的影响因素进行分析。分析结果表明：预期收益、年均纯收入、环保意识、文化程度、配套设备生产情况、产品技术成熟度、相关政策支持、商品能源使用率、当地生物质资源量9个因素会影响农户参与意愿。提出了相应的建议：一是提高农户对生物质能源的预期收益和农户收入水平;二是从根本上提高农户综合素质,增强环境保护意识;三是完善生物质能源产业技术、政策支撑体系,合理开发利用生物质资源     

固硫灰路面基层材料的性能

以固硫灰作为路面基层材料,研究了固硫灰原灰和经预处理固硫灰路面基层材料的最佳含水量、最大干密度、体积安定性、膨胀率和强度等性能。同时,通过重金属浸出实验评估了固硫灰对土壤环境的影响。结果表明,经预处理固硫灰路面基层材料体积安定性好,膨胀率低,性能良好;此外,固硫灰重金属浸出率低,符合环保要求。