气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威

采用二氯甲烷萃取水样,气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水中有机磷农药和甲萘威。试验表明：方法在20．0μg/L ～1000μg/L范围内,各目标化合物线性良好;方法检出限为0．004μg/L～0．01μg/L;对实际水样进行3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,回收率在71．8％～94．5％之间,RSD为3．7％～8．5％,满足水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威的测定要求。     

好氧-沉淀-厌氧工艺剩余污泥减量性能和机理研究

探讨了污泥衰减、能量解偶联、低污泥产率厌氧反应对OSA工艺污泥减量作用的影响.结果表明,污泥衰减是由微生物死亡及吸附于污泥表面的颗粒有机物水解酸化和微生物内源代谢2部分组成.间歇试验污泥厌氧过程中,上清液SCOD、NH 4-N、TP浓度均随厌氧时间逐渐升高,OSA污泥厌氧16 h后溶解性蛋白质高达33.09 mg/L,上升幅度高于多糖浓度的变化,证实了污泥水解现象.OSA污泥内源SOUR可达8 mg/(g·h),是CAS污泥内源SOUR的1.7倍以上,说明OSA系统中较高的内源代谢促使污泥减量.污泥衰减是OSA工艺污泥减量的决定性原因,可占OSA污泥减量效果的66.7%左右.间歇实验证实了OSA系统由于厌氧一好氧耦合环境,存在能量解偶联现象,但由于这种作用引发的污泥减量仅占7.5%左右.OSA工艺污泥厌氧池释放的SCOD作为缺氧反硝化、厌氧释磷、硫酸盐还原及产甲烷的二次基质,由于这些厌氧反应污泥产率低于好氧代谢,使得系统污泥产率下降,约有23.5%的污泥减量是源于这种因素.OSA污泥减量是由多方面因素综合作用的结果.     

微藻与水环境修复

目前,环境污染已威胁到我们人类的生活质量和身体健康。水污染作为环境污染的主要组成部分,已成为污染治理和环境修复的当务之急。文章综述了微藻作为一种生物修复工具修复富营养化水源和重金属污染水源的研究进展其国内外研究概况。具体阐述了微藻修复受污染水环境的机理,能除氮脱磷的微藻种类、环境因素对微藻除氮脱磷的影响,利用微藻除氮磷富营养化的研究现状,以及利用微藻作为生物武器消除重金属污染的优势、特点和现状。重点论述了螺旋藻和小球藻两种微藻修复水体污染的概况。     

微生物胞外电子传递过程强化机制及污染物高效转化

微生物水处理技术因运行成本低、处理量大、环境影响小等优点,被广泛的用于市政污水和工业废水的处理.微生物水处理的本质过程是生物催化氧化,涉及不同微生物种群间物质、能量和电子传输过程,而微生物胞外电子传递过程是影响其处理效率的关键因素之一.本研究立足于微生物氧化的原理,从介体材料强化、光电磁强化及微生物电化学强化等角度,系统论述了铁基材料、碳基材料、光、电、磁等对微生物电子传递过程的影响与机制.在此基础上,本论文总结了微生物电化学系统原理,分析了该系统中各类强化材料、强化技术对微生物胞外电子传递的影响,揭示了强化条件下污染物高效转化的作用机制,介绍了基于各种强化原理的系统构建因素及应用现状,并展望了该技术的发展趋势及存在的挑战.     

唐山市钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单建立

以唐山市钢铁企业为研究对象,在收集已有排放源数据的基础上,基于排放因子和活动水平数据采用排放因子法估算了唐山市钢铁企业多个大气污染物的排放量,得到了符合空气质量模型要求的污染源输入数据,建立钢铁行业和主要防控因子污染源数据库。结合唐山市各县区的环境空气质量状况,利用GIS技术,将不同污染因子的排放进行空间分布,最终形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单。研究介绍了符合中国特色的区域高分辨率大气排放源清单建立的方法体系,为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域削减计划工作提供数据支撑。     

Characteristics and removal mechanism of the precursors of N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide in a drinking water treatment process at Taihu Lake

• N-Cl-DCAM, an emerging N-DBP in drinking water was investigated. • A new BAC has a better removal efficiency for N-Cl-DCAM precursors than an old BAC. • N-Cl-DCAM precursors are more of low molecular weight and non-polar. • Adsorption of GAC plays a major role in removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors by an O₃-BAC. N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide (N-Cl-DCAM) is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP) which can occur in drinking water. In this study, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to validate the concentration of N-Cl-DCAM, which was found to be 1.5 mg/L in the effluent of a waterworks receiving raw water from Taihu Lake, China. The changes of N-Cl-DCAM formation potential (N-Cl-DCAMFP) in the drinking water treatment process and the removal efficiency of its precursors in each unit were evaluated. Non-polar organics accounted for the majority of N-Cl-DCAM precursors, accounting for 70% of the N-Cl-DCAM FP. The effect of conventional water treatment processes on the removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors was found to be unsatisfactory due to their poor performance in the removal of low molecular weight (MW) or non-polar organics. In the ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon (O₃-BAC) process, the ozonation had little influence on the decrease of N-Cl-DCAM FP. The removal efficiency of precursors by a new BAC filter, in which the granular activated carbon (GAC) had only been used for four months was higher than that achieved by an old BAC filter in which the GAC had been used for two years. The different removal efficiencies of precursors were mainly due to the different adsorption capacities of GAC for individual precursors. Low MW or non-polar organics were predominantly removed by GAC, rather than biodegradation by microorganisms attached to GAC particles.     

Comparative corrosion characteristics of automotive materials in Jatropha biodiesel

This study investigated the corrosion characteristics of widely used automotive materials: copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) in Jatropha biodiesel. The corrosion rate of the materials was measured by the weight loss and changes in the surface morphology using immersion test in biodiesel. Before and after the immersion test, fuel samples were characterized by the change in chemical composition, viscosity, density, and water content. Experimental results revealed that Cu had the highest corrosion rate, while SS had the lowest. The main fatty acids observed in the tested biodiesel were oleic (44.6 wt %), linoelic (31.9 wt %), Palmitic (14.6 wt %), and Stearic (7.6 wt %). Apart from linoelic acid, the compositions of all other acids were increased after the immersion test of 1600 h. Also, the viscosity, density, and water content of the fuel samples were increased after the immersion test. However, these properties were within the maximum standard limit except water content.     

矿井安全预评价的变权欧式距离模型的建立及应用研究

基于加权欧式距离模型,提出安全贡献率的概念,即通过利用影响煤矿安全状况的各指标因子对煤矿安全的贡献来确定测量估算数据中各相应因子的权重系数;并对与矿井相关安全指标分级标准进行适当的量化处理,从而建立起具有对煤矿自然安全状况进行提前评估功能的预评价模型--变权欧式距离模型.最后,应用该模型对黄陵二号井的自然安全状况进行了综合评价,并将评价结果与未确知测度模型、集对分析模型的评价结果进行比较,与煤矿实际情况符合较好.     

中空夹层钢管混凝土柱受力性能研究

为研究不同空心率对中空夹层钢管混凝土柱的受力性能的影响,对3个不同空心率的中空夹层钢管混凝土柱试件和1个普通钢管混凝土柱试件进行了非线性有限元分析.结果表明:与普通钢管混凝土柱相比,中空夹层钢管混凝土柱承载力和刚度有了明显的提高,塑性和延性性能也相应提高.中空夹层钢管混凝土柱受力性能更加合理,它充分利用了钢材和混凝土各自受力性能的优势,大幅提高了建筑结构的安全性能,是一种发展前景非常广阔的结构形式.     

轧钢企业加热炉生产过程的危险分析与控制

在轧钢企业生产过程中,加热炉使用热煤气作为燃料加热金属料坯,存在火灾、爆炸、中毒等危险因素,一直是从事安全工作人员关注的重点.对某企业轧钢加热炉使用过程、设备设施及人员操作进行了危险有害因素分析与辨识,运用道化学火灾爆炸指数法对加热炉爆炸事故进行分析评价,得出加热炉火灾爆炸危险程度为中等,事故暴露半径为25.46ft(7.76m).并从安全设施、安全管理等方面提出有效的安全对策,使加热炉火灾爆炸危险程度降为较轻,事故暴露半径降至20.51ft(6.25m),有效的降低了加热炉火灾爆炸危险程度及危险波及范围,为企业安全运行提供了参考依据.