钢制紧固件稀土镧改性渗锌层的制备与性能研究

目的提高车辆钢制紧固件在海洋环境中的腐蚀防护能力。方法借助稀土元素对渗锌层的改性作用,采用正交试验方法优化了渗锌剂配方和工艺参数,制备出性能更为优异的稀土改性渗锌层。结果稀土改性优化渗锌工艺参数为(质量分数):La_2(NO_3)_3 1%,Zn粉70%,CO(NH_2)_2 2%,Al_2O_3 27%,加热温度为460℃,保温时间为2 h。与常用渗锌剂制备的渗锌层相比,稀土改性渗锌层更为均匀、致密、光滑。结论渗层厚度提高了107.3%,对腐蚀介质起到更为优异的阻滞作用,耐蚀性更强。     

基于Bayes的导弹加速贮存试验参数估计

目的研究导弹加速贮存寿命试验中的参数估计问题。方法拟在小子样的情况下,设计一系列反复连续的导弹加速贮存仿真试验,将前一试验的结果作为之后试验的先验分布,基于Bayes方法建立导弹加速贮存寿命模型,给出贮存寿命参数估计算法,探讨导弹贮存可靠性评估方法。结果算例给出贮存寿命参数的极大似然估计,利用RBA方法对参数估计值进行降偏修正,得出参数的修正似然估计值,给出导弹贮存可靠度。给出的参数估计在均方误差意义下结果较优。结论序列试验Bayes算法易行、精度高,可有效对导弹贮存可靠性进行评估。     

基于多因子影响的东南沿海地区服役涂层环境试验设计

目的通过分析东南沿海地区车辆服役环境特点,提取了光照、温度、水、化学介质四种影响因素,分析四种影响因素的影响机理、影响方式、影响效果。方法对《GJB 150A—2009军用装备实验室环境试验方法》的基本运用方法及裁剪技术进行初步探讨,依据该标准制定东南沿海地区服役车辆涂层实验室试验的流程方法,并进行试验验证。结果实验室加速腐蚀试验结果与现役涂层腐蚀情况具有较好的相关性。结论为东南沿海地区涂层环境试验的设计、实施及测评,对涂层寿命预测、有效性检验和维修保养方案制定提供了重要的依据。     

飞溅区挂样位置、高度对钢腐蚀的影响

目的研究飞溅区挂样位置、高度对钢腐蚀的影响。方法采用海水飞溅区暴露试验。结果在青岛和三亚获得了5种钢在飞溅区暴露的腐蚀结果。结论在不同海域试验地点的飞溅区暴露,因环境条件不同,钢的飞溅区范围区间有较大差别,腐蚀速率峰值相对平均高潮位的高度也不同。在同一试验地点,暴露位置、条件的不同都会使钢的飞溅区范围区间及腐蚀速率峰值的高度不同。     

印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究

为提升装备环境适应性设计水平,开展了印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究。规定了电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验的设备、仪器、样品、过程及评价等内容。适用于指导开展电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验与制定评价规程。该试验方法在经过不断改进与完善后,将成为电子行业基础的的试验与评价技术规范。     

某型飞机全尺寸雷达罩静强度分析与试验验证

目的考核某型飞机全尺寸雷达罩的静强度,验证其计算模型的准确性。方法采用有限元计算和静力试验相结合的方法,对某型飞机全尺寸雷达罩的承载能力进行研究与试验验证。根据雷达罩的结构特点和载荷分布情况建立有限元计算模型,进行应力应变计算与强度校核,得到了雷达罩的应力应变云图。在此基础上,选用最严重载荷工况对雷达罩的承载能力进行试验验证。通过试验总体方案设计及加载实施方案优化设计,采用矢量加载技术和软硬结合的加载方式对雷达罩施加拉压载荷,保证各加载点的载荷均与所在表面的法向相同,与雷达罩实际受载情况一致。结果雷达罩的应力水平较低,承载能力较高;试验实测应力结果与理论计算结果有偏差,但应力分布规律合理,与理论分析计算结果的趋势基本一致;静力试验结果证明雷达罩及其与机身连接结构能够满足静强度设计要求。结论雷达罩静力试验测得的应变数据与有限元计算结果吻合较好,雷达罩本体及其与机身的连接结构满足强度设计要求。     

国家湿地公园时空格局特征

采用标准差椭圆、点模式分析、统计分析等方法,运用ArcGIS可视化技术,从时间和空间视角分析国家湿地公园的空间格局特征,并探究其与城市的区位关系。研究表明：（1）国家湿地公园在时间序列上分为试点起步阶段、发展与成长阶段和规范发展阶段,各地发展不均衡,“质”的发展不同步于“量”,正式国家湿地公园处于规范发展的起步时期;（2）多尺度空间研究表明正式国家湿地公园空间以聚集分布形态为主,随机分布为辅,整体呈东北—西南分布格局,形成2个高密度热点区和3个中密度次热点区;（3）从城市尺度看,正式国家湿地公园呈现较大空间异质性,具有偏向城市规划区内或靠近城市规划区分布的特征;（4）正式国家湿地公园呈现为人口格局主导特征,响应了胡焕庸线的指导意义。     

咪唑氯盐离子液体对蚯蚓急性毒性及体重影响研究

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大.     

CFD-based simulation of dense gas dispersion in presence of obstacles

Quantification of spatial and temporal concentration profiles of vapor clouds resulting from accidental loss of containment of toxic and/or flammable substances is of great importance as correct prediction of spatial and temporal profiles can not only help in designing mitigation/prevention equipment such as gas detection alarms and shutdown procedures but also help decide on modifications that may help prevent any escalation of the event.The most commonly used models - SLAB (Ermak, 1990), HEGADAS (Colenbrander, 1980), DEGADIS (Spicer & Havens, 1989), HGSYSTEM (Witlox & McFarlane, 1994), PHAST (DNV, 2007), ALOHA (EPA & NOAA, 2007), SCIPUFF (Sykes, Parker, Henn, & Chowdhury, 2007), TRACE (SAFER Systems, 2009), etc. - for simulation of dense gas dispersion consider the dispersion over a flat featureless plain and are unable to consider the effect of presence of obstacles in the path of dispersing medium. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as a potent tool for realistic estimation of consequence of accidental loss of containment because of its ability to take into account the effect of complex terrain and obstacles present in the path of dispersing fluid.The key to a successful application of CFD in dispersion simulation lies in the accuracy with which the effect of turbulence generated due to the presence of obstacles is assessed. Hence a correct choice of the most appropriate turbulence model is crucial to a successful implementation of CFD in the modeling and simulation of dispersion of toxic and/or flammable substances.In this paper an attempt has been made to employ CFD in the assessment of heavy gas dispersion in presence of obstacles. For this purpose several turbulence models were studied for simulating the experiments conducted earlier by Health and Safety Executive, (HSE) U.K. at Thorney Island, USA (Lees, 2005). From the various experiments done at that time, the findings of Trial 26 have been used by us to see which turbulence model enables the best fit of the CFD simulation with the actual findings. It is found that the realizable k-? model was the most apt and enabled the closest prediction of the actual findings in terms of spatial and temporal concentration profiles. It was also able to capture the phenomenon of gravity slumping associated with dense gas dispersion.     

Evaluation of risk and cost using an age-dependent unavailability modelling of test and maintenance for standby components

The improvement of safety in the process industries is related to assessment and reduction of risk in a cost-effective manner. This paper addresses the trade-off between risk and cost related to standby safety systems. An age-dependent unavailability model that integrates the effects of the test and maintenance (T&M) activities as well as component ageing is developed and represents the basis for calculating risk. The repair “same-as-new” process is considered regarding the T&M activities. Costs are expressed as a function of the selected risk measure. The time-averaged function of the selected risk measure is obtained from probabilistic safety assessment, i.e. the fault tree analysis. This function is further extended with inclusion of additional parameters related to T&M activities as well as ageing parameters related to component ageing. In that sense, a new model of system unavailability, incorporating component ageing and T&M costs, is presented. The testing strategy is also addressed. Sequential and staggered testings are compared. The developed approach is applied on a standard safety system in nuclear power plant although the method is applicable to standby safety systems that are tested and maintained in other industries as well. The results show that the risk-informed surveillance requirements differ from existing ones in technical specifications, which are deterministically based. Moreover, the presented approach achieves a significant reduction in system unavailability over a relatively small increase of total T&M costs.