中央空调系统噪声测评与控制对策

由于中央空调设计缺陷,安装时没有采取有效的减振措施引起机壳振动或管道风量调节不当,导致噪声超标,引发了许多经济纠纷。只有通过对空调系统噪声进行正确测试与合理评价,找出噪声超标的原因,才能化解这方面的矛盾。     

城市生活垃圾渗透系数测试研究

采用常水头测渗实验,对不同压实密度和水力梯度下的新鲜垃圾与陈垃圾的渗透系数进行测试,根据达西定律求得渗透系数值。由于垃圾的不均匀性、小颗粒的运动和大孔隙沟道流的形成和改变,实验初始阶段渗透系数值先增大至峰值,然后缓慢降低直至趋于稳定。实验稳定后,新鲜垃圾压实密度为0.75~0.95 t/m3时,渗透系数值约为1.26E-03~1.43E-03 cm/s。陈垃圾在压实密度分别为1.2和1.4 t/m3时,渗透系数为8.29E-04和1.35E-04 cm/s。     

水中紫外吸光度与COD的相关性

通过对地表水、生活污水和工业废水样品的紫外吸光度与化学需氧量（或高锰酸盐指数）测定值进行线性回归分析,得出不同类型水体的紫外吸光度与化学需氧量（或高锰酸盐指数）之间具有良好的相关性,在一定条件下,可利用测定的紫外吸光度推算出化学需氧量（或高锰酸盐指数）结果。     

Leaching assessment of concrete made of recycled coarse aggregate: Physical and environmental characterisation of aggregates and hardened concrete

Each year, millions of tonnes of waste are generated worldwide, partially through the construction and demolition of buildings. Recycling the resulting waste could reduce the amount of materials that need to be manufactured. Accordingly, the present work has analysed the potential reuse of construction waste in concrete manufacturing by replacing the natural aggregate with recycled concrete coarse aggregate.However, incorporating alternative materials in concrete manufacturing may increase the pollutant potential of the product, presenting an environmental risk via ground water contamination.The present work has tested two types of concrete batches that were manufactured with different replacement percentages. The experimental procedure analyses not only the effect of the portion of recycled aggregate on the physical properties of concrete but also on the leaching behaviour as indicative of the contamination degree. Thus, parameters such as slump, density, porosity and absorption of hardened concrete, were studied. Leaching behaviour was evaluated based on the availability test performed to three aggregates (raw materials of the concrete batches) and on the diffusion test performed to all concrete.From an environmental point of view, the question of whether the cumulative amount of heavy metals that are released by diffusion reaches the availability threshold was answered. The analysis of concentration levels allowed the establishment of different groups of metals according to the observed behaviour, the analysis of the role of pH and the identification of the main release mechanisms. Finally, through a statistical analysis, physical parameters and diffusion data were interrelated. It allowed estimating the relevance of porosity, density and absorption of hardened concrete on diffusion release of the metals in study.     

Effectiveness of amphibians as biodiversity surrogates in pond conservation

Amphibian decline has led to worldwide conservation efforts, including the identification and designation of sites for their protection. These sites could also play an important role in the conservation of other freshwater taxa. In 89 ponds in Switzerland, we assessed the effectiveness of amphibians as a surrogate for 4 taxonomic groups that occur in the same freshwater ecosystems as amphibians: dragonflies, aquatic beetles, aquatic gastropods, and aquatic plants. The ponds were all of high value for amphibian conservation. Cross‐taxon correlations were tested for species richness and conservation value, and Mantel tests were used to investigate community congruence. Species richness, conservation value, and community composition of amphibians were weakly congruent with these measures for the other taxonomic groups. Paired comparisons for the 5 groups considered showed that for each metric, amphibians had the lowest degree of congruence. Our results imply that site designation for amphibian conservation will not necessarily provide protection for freshwater biodiversity as a whole. To provide adequate protection for freshwater species, we recommend other taxonomic groups be considered in addition to amphibians in the prioritization and site designation process.     

汉江中下游干流水质变化趋势及持续性分析

汉江是长江中游最大的支流,近年来水质污染日趋严重,且范围有逐渐扩大趋势。随着流域内经济社会发展用水量增长以及2014年南水北调中线一期工程建成引水,汉江中下游流域水资源、水生态环境压力日益显现,流域管理面临较大挑战。利用汉江中下游干流襄阳、仙桃和汉口3个主要的水质监测控制断面1998~2011年实测水质资料中5个水质项目,采用季节性肯达尔检验法对其项目进行了变化趋势检验与分析,并用叠加型指数法验证趋势分析的合理性;结合Hurst指数分析了趋势变化的持续性,结果表明季节性肯达尔检验法方法合理,持续性分析结果可预测未来水质变化,并为水环境保护和管理提供技术参考。     

近50 a长江流域暴雨日数时空变化分析

利用1961~2010年长江流域逐日降水资料和DEM数据,结合Mann-Kendall趋势法、变差系数法以及GIS空间分析等方法,分析了近50 a长江流域年均暴雨日数时空变化特征。结果表明:长江流域年均暴雨日数基本呈自东向西递减的规律,且随着海拔升高,年均暴雨日数逐渐减少,两者呈显著负相关关系;长江流域上游高原气候影响区年均暴雨日数小于1 d;而中上游中亚热带湿润气候影响区大于2 d;随着纬度的增加,暴雨开始时间推迟,结束时间提前,持续时间减少;年暴雨日数的变差系数与年均暴雨日数满足幂指数关系,相关系数达0.97,为显著相关。表现为年均暴雨日数大(小)的地方,变差系数小(大);除长江中下游中部和四川盆地及其周边地区年暴雨日数为减少趋势外,其它地方均表现为不同程度的增加趋势。鄱阳湖水系、四川(雅安市、峨眉山市、万源市)、湖南(安化县、南岳区)、湖北(洪湖市、英山县)年暴雨日数多且变差系数小,洪水、泥石流等灾害压力巨大;为有关部门了解长江流域洪水等灾害的发生机制、提高灾害预测预报能力、制定防灾减灾政策等提供科学依据。     

生物堆修复城市多环芳烃污染土壤的调控研究

土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染已成为一种严重的全球性城市环境问题。以通风时间、绿肥、无机营养剂和疏松剂含量为调控因素,利用现场规模的正交试验进行了生物堆修复城市多环芳烃污染土壤的调控研究。结果表明,所有生物堆处理对土壤PAHs的去除均有一定促进作用,75 d时平均降解率为30.63%~80.41%,且深层土壤降解率比表层土壤高8.55%;运行期间各调控因素对不同深度土壤PAHs降解的影响程度和作用规律各不相同,其中通风时间始终是主导因素,且通风时间越长,降解效果越好;生物堆的最佳运行条件总体上为通风时间3 h、绿肥3.5%、营养剂0.2%、疏松剂18%(表层土壤)或14%(深层土壤)。因此,利用生物堆修复城市PAHs污染土壤是有效的,且增加通风时间是提高其修复效率的优先调控方式。     

国标法测定无色透明清洁水中硫化物错误的原因

硫化物在进行显色反应时,溶液中酸度的增高生成亚甲兰的产率也随之增加。国标法规定分析无色透明清洁水样时,不加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液,这样分析的结果不正确。正确的方法应与绘制标准曲线的操作步骤完全一样,需加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液。     

基于常规试验设备的HASS技术在航空电子产品上的应用

高加速应力筛选（HASS）技术是一种新型的试验技术,试验效率高,能有效保障产品的可靠性。介绍了高加速应力筛选的基本原理和典型的HASS过程,然后将HASS应用于某航空电子产品,提出了一种基于常规试验设备的HASS方案。根据环境应力筛选（ESS）与基于强化试验设备的HASS技术,给出了基于常规试验设备的HASS初始剖面制定过程,并从理论上验证了该剖面的有效性,筛选验证结果表明该剖面具有安全性。