Estimation of in-use steel stock for civil engineering and building using nighttime light images

To establish a sustainable society, it is necessary to understand the flows and stocks of materials. However, traditional material flow analysis requires large quantities of data relating to the consumption and trade of materials in the past and the lifetime distributions of end use. To overcome the problem that such data may not be available, we have proposed using nighttime light images to estimate the in-use stocks of materials in countries for which the data are unavailable. In the previous study, in-use steel stock for civil engineering and building in 2006 was estimated using nighttime light images. However, several aspects of the methodology must be improved, and time-series analyses using nighttime light images have not yet been performed. Therefore, in this study, we improved the estimation of in-use steel stock by using new geological information (i.e., LandScan population distribution data) and correcting the pixel area. We prepared radiance-calibrated nighttime light data for 2006 and 2010 and conducted time-series analyses of the in-use steel stock using the nighttime light data. The in-use steel stock for civil engineering and building in 2010 was found to amount to approximately 11.3 Gt, which was approximately 21% higher than that in 2006.     

Blast damage to storage tanks and steel clad buildings

The 2005 Buncefield vapour cloud explosion showed the huge cost associated with blast damage to commercial property surrounding a major explosion incident. In most cases there was serious disruption to business activity; in many cases the buildings had to be demolished or abandoned for long periods until extensive repairs were carried out.Another key feature of this and other recent vapour cloud explosions has been the damage done to storage tanks. The blasts almost invariably cause immediate top and bund fires in any tanks surrounded by the vapour – even if they contain relatively high flashpoint materials such as diesel.The first part of this paper describes the patterns of damage observed in buildings in the industrial estates around Buncefield. Methods for assessing the degree of external and internal damage are presented.The second part of the paper deals with failure modes and ignition of various types of liquid storage tank during vapour cloud explosions. Again, the Buncefield data provides excellent examples that illustrate the importance of tank design, fill level, location relative to the cloud, etc.     

慢摇吧低音炮传递结构噪声控制研究

对于慢摇吧低音炮传递的结构噪声,采用新型隔声材料静馨隔声毡,结合岩棉等传统吸声材料,可克服传统吸隔声材料的低频吸隔声效果差和"吻合效应"等弱点,从而有效控制音炮传递的结构噪声。     

依靠科技进步节能减排,提高钢铁行业发展的内力

节能减排是我国经济发展中必须解决的问题,特别是高耗能产业更应首当其冲。我国钢铁行业节能减排任务很重,但依靠科学技术的进步,提高了企业发展的内力,取得了一定的成绩。但是,钢铁业总能耗依然占到全国总能耗的14%以上,今后面临的节能减排任务仍很艰巨。     

钢渣深处理技术

以昆钢本部及红钢所产的转炉钢渣作为研究对象,研究热泼钢渣的矿物组成,分析钢渣中有价金属的组成,确定不同的粒级、不同的磁场强度,采用干式磁选与湿式磁选相结合的“一段闭路破碎,磁滑轮磁选;一段开路磨矿,一粗一精选别”深度处理流程,应用于红钢钢渣磁选车间及昆钢钢渣磁选厂,获得良好的磁选指标。分析了项目实施过程中渣浆输送断流的原因,找出解决办法。总结了项目产生的效益。     

包钢中水水质特性分析及其在高炉循环水系统的应用研究

通过现场测试对包钢中水水质类型及其用于高炉循环冷却系统的现状进行了调查研究。确定了在现有条件下4#高炉循环冷却水系统的水质类型为腐蚀为主,兼有结垢;包钢中水为微量结垢和腐蚀型水质,随着浓缩倍数的增加逐步转化为严重结垢型水质。     

Evaluation of life cycle inventory data for recycling systems

This paper reviews databases on material recycling (primary as well as secondary production) used in life cycle assessments (LCA) of waste management systems. A total of 366 datasets, from 1980 to 2010 and covering 14 materials, were collected from databases and reports. Totals for CO₂-equivalent emissions were compared to illustrate variations in the data. It was hypothesised that emissions from material production and the recycling industry had decreased over time due to increasing regulation, energy costs and process optimisation, but the reported datasets did not reveal such a general trend. Data representing the same processes varied considerably between databases, and proper background information was hard to obtain, which in turn made it difficult to explain the large differences observed. Those differences between the highest and lowest estimated CO₂ emissions (equivalents) from the primary production of newsprint, HDPE and glass were 238%, 443% and 452%, respectively. For steel and aluminium the differences were 1761% and 235%, respectively. There is a severe lack of data for some recycled materials; for example, only one dataset existed for secondary cardboard. The study shows that the choice of dataset used to represent the environmental load of a material recycling process and credited emissions from the avoided production of virgin materials is crucial for the outcome of an LCA on waste management. Great care and a high degree of transparency are mandatory, but advice on which datasets to use could not be determined from the study. However, from the gathered data, recycling in general showed lower emission of CO₂ per kg material than primary production, so the recycling of materials (considered in this study) is thus beneficial in most cases.     

缓释肥侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

利用田间小区试验,系统研究了基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响。试验结果表明：与农民常规施肥处理（FP）比较,侧条施肥技术高缓释肥处理（HF）水稻氮素投入比农民常规施肥处理（FP）降低约40%,水稻产量没有显著降低,穗粒数比农民常规施肥处理增加了8.36%。侧条施肥技术显著提高了水稻地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮素的表观损失量。侧条施肥各处理氮肥偏生产力在39.1～67.8之间,显著高于FP处理的23.7。FP处理氮素表观损失量高达174.2 kg＆#183;hm-2,侧条施肥各处理表观损失量在23.2～61.9 kg＆#183;hm-2之间。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术是一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术。     

动荷载作用下边坡锚固系统合理设计探讨

爆破、地震或列车振动等动荷载作用下,边坡锚固系统易产生锚筋松弛、夹具损伤、注浆体拉裂及界面粘结失效等情况,影响其预应力赋存状态、加固效果和耐久性。基于动荷载作用类型和锚固系统动力响应特征分析,提出了动载下不同地层内的锚固段合理结构设计方案和锚筋抗拉安全系数及锁定荷载的建议。动载下自由段(外锚固段)宜设计为全粘结型或增设多级反锚装置,形成岩土自锁锚固,以控制预应力损失和防止锚头或自由段破断造成突发性灾害;在水泥基灌浆体中掺入钢纤维或树脂纤维,可改善锚固体抗裂性能,提高其抗疲劳和抗冲击能力;建议优先采用防腐性能卓越的填充型环氧涂层钢绞线,以提高锚固体在动载破裂时的耐久性。     

Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers

The concern about emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from steel industrial parks has increased in the past decades. In this study, polyurethane foam (PUF)-disk based passive air samples were collected in and around a big steel industrial park of Anshan, Northeast China from June 2008 to March 2009. The levels, seasonal variations and potential sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the atmosphere around the steel industrial complex were investigated, and potential contribution of these three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from iron and steel production was also assessed. The air concentrations of ∑₁₇PCDD/Fs (summer: 0.02-2.77 pg m⁻³; winter: 0.20-9.79 pg m⁻³), ∑₁₉PCBs (summer: 23.5-155.8 pg m⁻³; winter: 14.6-81.3 pg m⁻³) and ∑₁₃PBDEs (summer: 2.91-10.7 pg m⁻³; winter: 1.10-3.89 pg m⁻³) in this targeted industrial park were relatively low in comparison to other studies, which implied that the industrial activities of iron and steel had not resulted in serious contamination to the ambient air in this area. On the whole, the air concentrations of PCDD/Fs in winter were higher than those of summer, whereas the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs showed opposite trends. The result from principal component analysis indicated that coal combustion might be the main contributor of PCDD/F sources in this area.