Investigation of affecting parameters on treating high-strength compost leachate in a hybrid EGSB and fixed-bed reactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation process

In this research, treatability of high-load compost leachate in a hybrid expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and fixed-bed (FB) bioreactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation (ECF) system was examined. The operational factors in EGSB–FB were influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and COD/nitrogen ratio (COD/N). And, their interactive effects on the efficiency of COD removal and biogas production rate (BPR) as responses were analyzed and correlated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of the hybrid EGSB–FB reactor were acquired at COD = 7800 mg/L, HRT = 35 h, COD/N = 70, in which COD removal efficiency was 83% and BPR 94 mL/h. The amount of confidence interval was 95%. COD (relevant coefficient = 9.8) and HRT (relevant coefficient = −24) were resulted respectively as the most effective parameters on COD removal and BPR. Yet, COD/N parameter imposed negative effect on COD removal and BPR in values less than about 100. The outcomes indicated that operated ECF as post-treatment in constant conditions (electrolysis time = 75 min, electrodes distance = 3 cm, voltage = 20 V) successfully satisfied discharge criteria in the most part of experimental domains.     

响应曲面法中BBD和CCD在优化巯基乙酰化壳聚糖制备条件中的比较

以壳聚糖(CTS)和巯基乙酸为主要原料,通过酰胺化反应将巯基引入到CTS高分子链上,制备出高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化壳聚糖（MACTS）。以含Cd(II)水样为考察目标,采用响应曲面法中的BBD和CCD实验对MACTS的制备条件进行优化,从残差分析、方差分析、响应面分析和优化条件等方面对BBD法和CCD法进行比较。结果表明,BBD法和CCD法建立的二次多项式模型回归性分别为显著和非常显著,模型选择均合理;BBD法和CCD法拟合模型的决定系数R2分别为0.871 0、0.919 7,模型相关性均较好;通过BBD法和CCD法优化制备条件后的MACTS处理含Cd(II)水样,Cd(II)的最低剩余浓度分别为0.83、0.76 mg·L-1。在优化MACTS的制备条件上采用CCD法更优于BBD法。     

响应面中心组合设计法优化制备载磁活性炭

采用浸渍-碱性微波法制备载磁粉末活性炭。基于单因素实验,选定制备过程影响较显著的3个因素∶铁盐比例（n（Fe3+）∶n（Fe2+））、微波功率、微波时间,分别以碘吸附值和饱和磁化强度为响应值,通过中心组合设计及响应面分析优化制备条件。利用Design-Expert软件联合分析2个响应值的回归模型,优化得出载磁活性炭制备条件：铁盐比为1.4,微波时间为2 min,微波功率为625 W。通过对比测试不同优化条件下载磁活性炭的孔结构和磁性能,验证了优化过程的可靠性。     

An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.     

响应曲面法优化HMBR去除TN的工艺条件

采用复合式膜生物反应器HMBR处理低C/N(3-5)实际生活污水,TN含量17~45 mg/L。基于CCD响应曲面法,考察了溶解氧DO、水力停留时间HRT和污泥龄SRT的单独作用及交互作用,并建立TN去除率数学模型。结果表明,影响因子显著性顺序为HRT>SRT>DO,三者间存在一定的交互作用,但并不显著;数学模型回归性较好,预测最大TN去除率为75%,最佳条件组合为:DO=3.79 mg/L,HRT=8.84 h,SRT=33.62 d,验证实验结果TN的去除率为73%,与预测值相比偏差仅为3%。采用HMBR处理低C/N生活污水,可以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准中对TN≤15 mg/L的限制要求。     

响应曲面法优化CO2活化制备夏威夷坚果壳基活性炭

采用CO2物理活化法将废弃的夏威夷坚果壳制备成高品质活性炭。实验研究测定了活化温度、活化时间、CO2流量等因素对活性炭的吸附性能和产率的影响。通过响应曲面法得到实验优化工艺条件:活化温度766℃、活化时间36 min、CO2流量186 mL/min,所制备的活性炭亚甲基蓝值和产率分别为186 mg/g,71.35%。衡量活性炭品质的关键性参数BET比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为1 267 m2/g,0.97 mL/g和4.13 nm。此外通过扫描电镜对比炭化料和活性炭分析发现,活性炭表面具有大量无规则孔隙。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂PAD的合成及优化

为了提高阳离子絮凝剂的絮凝性能,选用阳离子疏水表面活性单体DBC和亲水单体AM,以EDTA-2Na为络合剂,以AIBN和APS-NaHSO₃为复合引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制得一种新型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂P(AM-DBC) (PAD)。此方法具有工艺操作简单、无需添加其他模板和表面活性剂、产物的相对分子质量高和转化率高等优势。单因素实验结果表明,当总单体质量分数为40%、单体摩尔比n(AM)∶n(DBC)=7∶3、pH=4.0、反应温度为60 ℃、EDTA-2Na的浓度为0.5%时,产物PAD的特性黏数为1 018.7 mL·g⁻¹,转化率可达97.2%。采用响应曲面法的Box-Behnken模型对实验参数进行了优化,根据预测出的实验参数,修正后进行了平行实验。当总单体质量分数为42%、EDTA-2Na的浓度为0.56%、pH=4、反应温度为60 ℃时,合成的PAD的特性黏数为1 027.1 mL·g⁻¹,预测值与实验值的误差仅为0.497%,可以较好地吻合,从而得到PAD的最优制备方法。制备的PAD性能优良,为工业化生产提供了依据,可以广泛应用于含油废水的处理。     

油基岩屑热脱附处理工艺参数优化

为了探究热脱附装置降低能耗的方法,对新疆油田某井油基岩屑热脱附处理工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明：在残渣的含油率≤2%的标准下,当加热温度、停留时间、油基岩屑固相含量这3个关键因素变量分别为350~550 ℃、35~55 min、60%~90%时,油基岩屑热脱附处理后残渣的含油率能达到标准要求;在以上条件下,以能耗为考核指标,通过响应曲面法研究发现,单因素变量的交互项均对能耗影响显著;将加热温度由550 ℃降低至430 ℃时,停留时间由45 min降至40 min,能耗可节约17.47%,残渣的含油率<0.3%;通过调整热脱附工艺参数,可在油基岩屑热脱附处理后残渣的含油率达标的基础上,实现节能降耗。上述研究结果可为合理设置油基岩屑热脱附装置的运行工艺参数提供参考。     

响应曲面优化柏木屑微波活性炭的制备及其吸附AR88性能

以家具制造废弃物——柏木屑为原料,以磷酸为活化剂,采用微波加热方式,选用响应曲面分析法中心复合设计（CCD）对柏木屑活性炭（AC）制备因素进行优化,结果表明,活性炭最佳制备条件为磷酸/柏木屑质量浸渍比1.94：1,辐照时间8.84 min,微波功率474.98 W,所得活性炭的碘吸附值为945.41 mg·g-1,得率为42.57%。将最优条件制备所得的柏木屑微波活性炭用于大分子染料酸性红88（AR88）的吸附特性研究,实验结果表明,AR88的去除率随着活性炭的投加量增加而升高,活性炭的吸附容量随着AR88浓度的升高而增加。活性炭对AR88的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,理论最大吸附量为322.58 mg·g-1。对柏木屑微波活性炭物化性质分析表明其表面存在大量无规则孔隙,比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为1 312 m2·g-1和0.896 cm3·g-1和2.88 nm。根据吸附结果和表征结果得知,柏木屑微波活性炭是一种具有潜力的高效吸附剂,能有效去除水中的AR88。     

SLFP: a stochastic linear fractional programming approach for sustainable waste management

A stochastic linear fractional programming (SLFP) approach is developed for supporting sustainable municipal solid waste management under uncertainty. The SLFP method can solve ratio optimization problems associated with random information, where chance-constrained programming is integrated into a linear fractional programming framework. It has advantages in: (1) comparing objectives of two aspects, (2) reflecting system efficiency, (3) dealing with uncertainty expressed as probability distributions, and (4) providing optimal-ratio solutions under different system-reliability conditions. The method is applied to a case study of waste flow allocation within a municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. The obtained solutions are useful for identifying sustainable MSW management schemes with maximized system efficiency under various constraint-violation risks. The results indicate that SLFP can support in-depth analysis of the interrelationships among system efficiency, system cost and system-failure risk.