响应曲面法优化电化学氧化技术处理染料废水

采用IR和XRD等手段对自制磷钼酸铁(FePMo12)杂多酸进行表征,表明杂多阴离子具有Keggin结构。将FePMo12负载于修饰后的分子筛上制备FePMo12/APTES-4A催化剂填充于电化学反应器中,考察电化学氧化体系对酸性大红3R染料废水的脱色效果,其脱色率高于二维电化学反应器。利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计及响应面(RSM)分析,以pH值,板间距,槽电压,曝气量为实验因素,建立了以酸性大红3R的脱色率为响应值的二次多项式回归模型。研究表明,当电解时间为60 min时,曝气量0.05 m3/h、pH为2、板间距3.0 cm、槽电压11.0 V,在此条件下色度去除率可达69.4%,模型预测值与实验值能很好地吻合。方差分析结果表明,槽电压和pH、pH和曝气量的交互作用对响应值具有显著性影响。     

地表水中四乙基铅分析方法及样品保存

在文献调研基础上对地表水中四乙基铅的色谱法、光度法和光谱法适用情况,萃取、消解和浓缩等不同前处理方法对分析结果的影响以及样品保存条件进行了验证和研究。结果表明,测定水中四乙基铅的光谱和色谱方法均有其适用的特点,可以满足不同条件的实验室和水样的分析,改进后的双硫腙方法检出限可达到1.5μg/L,精密度15%,回收率88%~110%;ICP-MS法检出限可达0.01μg/L,精密度6%,回收率95%~101%;液液萃取-GC-MS检出限达0.1μg/L,精密度12%,回收率65%~78%;自动顶空-气相色谱法检出限可达0.05μg/L,精密度3%,回收率98%~100%;浓缩较消解和萃取更容易造成四乙基铅的损失;没有保护剂的条件下四乙基铅最好在8 h内分析完毕,加入甲醇和NaCl可以使采用顶空分析的样品保存3 d。其他不同保护剂的保存效果有待进一步研究。     

安全规划的方法学综述与研究

安全规划是一个复杂动态系统的运行过程,对其方法学进行分析思考有助于探索安全规划方法的统一体系。在国内外有关安全规划研究的基础上,给出了安全规划的定义及一般特点,建立了安全规划的一般程序,包括安全规划的指导思想、基本方针、基本原则、目标及内容等。基于现有的系统工程方法论,探讨了安全规划的方法学及理论基础。最后,综述了现有安全规划的具体方法,包括安全距离法、基于后果法及基于风险法,并对该3种方法进行了比较及评价。可供安全科学与工程学科研究参考。     

高职院校环境监察专业教学改革研究

高职院校学生与本科院校学生的教育特点不同,高职院校环境监察专业有其特殊的专业特色。环境监察专业为了达到更好的教育目的,需要从人才培养、课程体系建设、教学方法改革和实践教学探索等方面入手,不断改革人才培养方案,才能满足社会对专业人才的需求。     

SLFP: a stochastic linear fractional programming approach for sustainable waste management

A stochastic linear fractional programming (SLFP) approach is developed for supporting sustainable municipal solid waste management under uncertainty. The SLFP method can solve ratio optimization problems associated with random information, where chance-constrained programming is integrated into a linear fractional programming framework. It has advantages in: (1) comparing objectives of two aspects, (2) reflecting system efficiency, (3) dealing with uncertainty expressed as probability distributions, and (4) providing optimal-ratio solutions under different system-reliability conditions. The method is applied to a case study of waste flow allocation within a municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. The obtained solutions are useful for identifying sustainable MSW management schemes with maximized system efficiency under various constraint-violation risks. The results indicate that SLFP can support in-depth analysis of the interrelationships among system efficiency, system cost and system-failure risk.     

响应面法优化西兰花总黄酮提取工艺的研究

利用响应面法优化西兰花总黄酮的提取工艺条件。在预试验的基础上,以乙醇为溶剂,提取西兰花总黄酮。选取提取温度、提取时间及液固比、乙醇浓度4个因素进行Box-Benhnken中心组合设计,利用响应面分析法对提取工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,西兰花总黄酮的提取工艺为:乙醇浓度90%,液固比30∶1,提取温度85.28℃,提取时间1.82h;预测值为0.887%,实际得率为0.853%,两者较接近,说明Box-Behnken设计结合响应面分析法可很好地对西兰花总黄酮提取工艺进行优化。     

Global energy and emissions scenarios for effective climate change mitigation—Deterministic and stochastic scenarios with the TIAM model

The achievement possibilities of the EU 2 °C climate target have been assessed with the ETSAP TIAM global energy systems model. Cost-effective global and regional mitigation scenarios of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases were calculated with alternative assumptions on emissions trading. In the mitigation scenarios, an 85% reduction in CO₂ emissions is needed from the baseline, and very significant changes in the energy system towards emission-free sources take place during this century. The largest new technology groups are carbon-capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, wind power, advanced bioenergy technologies and energy efficiency measures. CCS technologies contributed a 5.5-Pg CO₂ annual emission reduction by 2050 and 12 Pg CO₂ reduction by 2100. Also large-scale forestation measures were found cost-efficient. Forestation measures reached their maximum impact of 7.7 Pg CO₂ annual emission reduction in 2080. The effects of uncertainties in the climate sensitivity have been analysed with stochastic scenarios.     

泥石流灾害风险评价方法及其应用研究

探讨泥石流灾害风险评价的理论和方法;利用已有的泥石流灾害资料,建立泥石流风险评价体系和实施流程;提出风险评价的定量计算方法;结合遥感和地理信息系统技术,完成了云南省昆明市东川区泥石流灾害的定量风险评价。研究结果与泥石流实际分布和调查资料基本一致,表明所提出的泥石流灾害风险评价的理论与方法具有一定的理论价值和现实意义,可以为泥石流灾害风险评价和防灾减灾管理提供有益的科学依据。     

消防工程专业本科课程体系的结构研究

在分析讨论国内外消防工程专业教育现状与课程体系研究进展的基础上,针对消防工程专业所涉及的学科领域,运用系统论的观点和方法,分析消防工程专业本科课程体系的结构层次特点。从课程体系的结构与功能的相互关系出发,按照培养目标、知识范围和应用领域的要求,构建出"课程体系→课程群→主干课程群→主干课程"的消防工程本科课程体系的结构模式,初步给出了课程群、主干课程群的结构与组成以及主干课程群的基本内容和教学要求。     

Sources of productive efficiency: International comparison of iron and steel firms

Using a time-varying stochastic frontier model, this paper examines the technical efficiency of firms in the iron and steel industry to try to identify the factors contributing to the industry's efficiency growth. Industry observers and policymakers tend to cite most frequently three possible sources of efficiency growth: privatization; economies of scale; and vintage of equipment. Our study corroborates these factors. Based on our findings, which pertain to 52 iron and steel firms over the period of 1978–1997, privatization is likely to improve the efficiency of iron and steel firms to a great extent as evidenced in various industries. This study also provides systematic evidence that iron and steel production shows economies of scale. In addition, newer vintages of equipment are found to be closely correlated with higher levels of efficiency. This clearly indicates that investment in new plants and equipments is critical in pursuit of efficiency in the iron and steel industry.