一种复合材料尖劈和接头端部安全性评估的新模型

笔者从尖劈尖端的弱式控制方程出发导出虚功原理 ,然后通过非协调元离散 ,得到一个基于位移的、分析尖劈尖端奇异性问题的特征方程。该方法与过去原有求解裂纹尖端近似场的有限元特征分析方法导出公式的出发点不同 ,并且采用的单元形式为非协调元 ,尖劈尖端邻域内的位移场假定没有采用奇异变换技术。通过求解特征方程获得奇性应力指数 ,并以此判断尖劈和接头的安全性 ,运用该方法对若干尖劈和接头进行安全性评估。所有的计算结果表明 ,笔者方法较原有方法使用的单元少而且精度高。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

土地利用类型与水分亏缺的风险程度关系——以北方农牧交错带黄土高原区为例

在北方农牧交错带植被重建中适宜乔、灌、草种生态区划的基础上,以该区域黄土高原区作为研究区,结合该区1989和1999两年的土地利用分类图,通过计算区域缺水指数及对其分级,探讨了缺水指数在时间和空间上的变化规律,分析了耕地、林地、草地等该区主要土地利用类型在时间和空间上与缺水指数的关系。在此基础上,构建水分亏缺风险指数(RiskIndexofWaterDeficit),从研究区整体和各生态分区两个尺度上探讨了不同土地利用类型的RIWD时空分异。得出如下结论:①1989～2000年,研究区缺水指数均在中度以上,其变化幅度有逐年减少的趋势;②对比1989年和1999年两年的缺水指数,区域整体缺水状况有所缓解,但各生态分区内的缓解程度在空间上仍存在差异;③从研究区整体而言,各土地利用类型的水分亏缺风险指数逐渐减少,依次为林地、耕地、草地;④因各生态分区内的地理特征包括水分状况存在变化,故各土地利用类型的水分亏缺风险程度排列顺序与区域整体有所不同。     

Analysis on relationship between stress and drill cutting weight using numerical modeling - A case study in Jinjiazhuang coal mine

The relationship between stress and drill cutting weight (DCW) is studied with numerical modeling and field testing. Jinjiazhuang coal mine 110403 workface is used as a case study. Stress analysis of the workface is carried out with numerical modeling, with input parameters obtained from laboratory experiments. The stress of workface is examined at one section along the mining direction in terms of the stress distribution. Comparing simulating results of stress and field testing drill cutting weight, the stress and drill cutting weight has good agreement and one formulation is derived in this case.     

钢筋与混凝土界面的腐蚀疲劳

腐蚀疲劳是钢筋混凝土结构破坏的主要因素之一。基于剪切筒模型及文中选用的实验加载方式 ,引入界面摩擦系数衰减表达式 ,同时考虑力学因素———应力比R和加载频率 f的影响 ,研究了钢筋与混凝土界面在拉 -拉循环荷载作用下腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展情况。通过对Paris公式的修正 ,借助能量耗散率给出腐蚀疲劳数学模型 ,得到了界面腐蚀疲劳脱粘速率 ,脱粘长度与循环荷载作用次数的关系。最后与无腐蚀情况的结果进行比较 ,分析了影响界面腐蚀疲劳 (CF)裂纹扩展速率的因素 ,如应力比 ,加载频率。     

Technology use and psychosocial factors in the self-reporting of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in call center workers

PROBLEM: Evidence exists to suggest that working with computer terminals and keyboards is associated with the development and exacerbation of a range of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Research has suggested that psychosocial factors may be of more importance than computer use factors in the development of MSDs in the computing workplace. METHOD: A questionnaire-based study was undertaken to test this hypothesis in a sample of 67 call center workers. A Spearman's rho was performed on the data, as well as chi(2) tests on the individual variables. RESULTS: It was found that overall, computer use factors were significantly associated with self-reporting of MSD symptoms, whereas psychosocial factors had no such association. However, certain individual psychosocial factors emerged as having a significant association with MSD symptoms. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that specific areas of call center work have associations with poor worker health and possible long-term MSD problems. These areas appear to be workload and particular management-worker relations, rather than computer use. SUMMARY: This suggests that the relationship among computer use, psychosocial factors, and MSD is a complex area that would benefit from more research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study raises issues about the importance of psychosocial and organizational factors and employee welfare in the call center working environment.     

湖流作用下太湖底泥再悬浮和NH4-N释放规律研究

在矩形水槽中模拟了太湖底泥起动再悬浮规律,分析了湖流流速对太湖底泥再悬浮及NH4-N释放的作用规律.结果显示:当流速小于20 cm/s时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,水体中浊度及NH4-N浓度变化不大;当流速大于40cm/s时,底泥发生大规模悬浮,水体中浊度和NH4-N浓度显著提高.试验以少量动作为底泥起动的标准,得出太湖底...