海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。     

钝化金属深海环境电偶腐蚀性能研究

根据美国深海环境试验取得的数据和我国表层海水取得的数据,可知钛合金TA2与不锈钢SS316在海洋环境中无电偶腐蚀倾向,实际使用中SS316却出现了严重的电偶腐蚀。针对这一问题,在深海和模拟深海环境中对TA2和SS316的电偶腐蚀性能进行了研究,结果表明,静态下TA2和SS316无电偶腐蚀产生;当两种金属相互摩擦使SS316钝化膜破损时,产生电偶腐蚀,SS316为偶对中的阳极,会加速腐蚀。     

B610E不同焊接接头在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性研究

通过室内浸泡、应力腐蚀试验对B610E高强储罐铜所用不同焊接方式在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明,B610E气体保护焊材料的耐蚀性最好,将Q235＋B610E埋弧平焊对接后,由于存在电偶对,耐蚀效果最差。在石油沉积水中,B610E埋横焊具有中等SCC抗力,B610E气体保护焊、B610E气电立焊以及B610E＋Q235埋弧平焊对接具有高的SCC抗力。     

X80钢在库尔勒和高pH值土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

通过浸泡质量损失法、动电位极化和交流阻抗等方法研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒和高pH值（0.5mol/L Na2CO3＋1 mol/L NaHCO3）土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为,并对宏观腐蚀形貌进行了观察,采用X-射线衍射仪测试了腐蚀产物膜的组成。结果表明,X80管线钢在高pH值土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀很轻微,而在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中则发生了严重的腐蚀,其腐蚀速率约是高pH值土壤模拟溶液中的3倍。这主要是因为X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中表现出活性溶解状态,形成的腐蚀产物膜疏松、易脱落,保护性很差;在高pH值土壤模拟溶液中则很容易钝化,形成的碳酸亚铁腐蚀产物膜具有一定的阻隔效应,产生了明显的保护作用,腐蚀速率因此很低。     

Waste form corrosion modeling: comparison with experimental results

Results of leaching experiments using active and inactively simulated HLW glass in concentrated NaCl solution are described. Measured solution concentrations of glass components, fission products and actinides are compared with computed data. The computed pH value corresponds with the findings from experiments with inactively simulated glass samples. Moreover, the concentrations of silica and strontium can be described adequately by reaction path modelling. The computed U concentration is explained by the precipitation of schoepite or Na2U2O7. The computed Am concentration significantly exceeds the measured data. This may be attributed to sorption processes on corrosion products of the glass, which are relevant also for lanthanide elements under the conditions of the experiments. This hypothesis is tested by solid solution approaches and by computing sorption of Am onto SiO2 precipitates.     

基于光电子能谱的高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄试验分析

鄂尔多斯盆地高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄现象普遍,腐蚀穿孔频次逐年上升,管道安全防护管理成为难题。为了识别输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄原因,作者在分析含水率、地层水水型、溶解氧对管道内腐蚀影响的基础上选择特征试验管段,基于X射线光电子能谱技术开展管道内壁厚度变化、金相组织、腐蚀产物特性、边缘腐蚀状态研究。结果表明:高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄类型为Cl+O2+H2O环境下的垢下腐蚀,以溶解氧（O2）腐蚀为主,氯离子（Cl－）腐蚀为辅;内壁腐蚀减薄原因为原油含水率过高、水中氯离子含量过高、水中含有溶解氧和介质流速偏低。     

基于有限元的含腐蚀缺陷P110油管失效分析与安全评价

含有腐蚀缺陷油管在复杂的工作荷载下容易发生失效。建立了在内压与轴向力共同作用的复杂工作载荷下,含椭球型蚀坑缺陷与轴向沟槽型缺陷两种腐蚀缺陷的油管有限元模型。基于该模型研究了不同载荷工况下缺陷宽度、深度与长度对油管安全性及失效模式的影响。研究结果表明:腐蚀位置深度较浅时,椭球型蚀坑缺陷更危险,油管主要发生由轴力引发的断裂失效;腐蚀位置深度较深时,轴向沟槽型缺陷更危险,主要发生由内压引发的破裂失效。研究成果可为含腐蚀缺陷油管的安全评估提供依据。     

油水两相流弯管处安全分析

针对油水两相流经过弯管时的流向改变会导致流体速度和压力发生突变,造成发生静电事故和腐蚀事故风险上升 的不利影响,提出了RSM模型和Mixture模型相结合的安全分析方法。该方法对不同入口速度和含水率的油水两相流进行 数值模拟,并用Origin软件拟合了进口最大允许流速与管径及含水率的经验关系。结果表明,在含水率和入口速度一定 时,随着管径的增加,弯管处的最大速度呈现逐渐减小的趋势:当管径和入口速度一定时,随着含水率的增加,弯管处 的最大速度也逐渐减小。最大压力出现在弯管外拱壁处,最小压力出现在弯管内侧拱壁处。在实际生产中,增加弯管下 游直管段内侧壁的壁厚,可有效防止空化腐蚀所造成的危害;通过含水率来确定安全流速,可有效降低静电事故的风险 。     

脱硝装置气体管道危险性研究

本项目根据烟气脱硝装置工艺特点,设计并搭建了臭氧腐蚀性测试装置和臭氧自燃点测试装置。利用搭建的测试装置开展了铁粉、碳粉自燃特性研究和吸收塔内非金属材料的腐蚀性研究。通过试验研究确定了铁粉和碳粉在臭氧环境下的自燃特性,同时利用光学显微镜对非金属材质腐蚀前后的表面形貌进行了表征,确定了臭氧对非金属材质的腐蚀特性。通过理论计算和试验研究确定了纯氧管道和含有一定浓度臭氧的氧气管道的工艺危险性。根据脱硝装置气体管道的研究成果给出了合理化建议。     

Psychological stress and marginalization as indicators of human carrying capacity in deforesting areas

SUMMARY

A scheme in which psychological factors are considered in effective forest management planning is proposed. A central role is played by human carrying capacity, the resilience of people to deal with the consequences of environmental degradation. Stress and marginalization are taken as indicators of human carrying capacity. A study in Côte d'Ivoire is described in which psychological stress and marginalization were studied in individuals from environments which show different degrees of degradation. Three related hypotheses are proposed: first that individuals living in or near a degrading forest are more stressed and marginalized than individuals in a reference group living in Abidjan; second that people living near the forest with the most sustained and severe degradation would be more stressed and marginalized; finally, that members of autochthonous cultural groups show higher stress and marginalization levels than members of migrant groups. The results of our study showed that people living near the degraded forest were more stressed but not marginalized unless the degradation was severe and sustained. Females were more stressed than males and members of both sexes from autochthonous cultural groups were more prone to stress and marginalization than members of migrant groups.