辛置煤矿水力压裂卸压增透影响半径数值模拟研究

随着开采深度的增加,辛置煤矿瓦斯涌出量显著增大。为了提高瓦斯抽采效率,拟采用水力压裂卸压增透技术。理论分析了水力压裂对煤层的卸压增透作用,基于此利用RFPA模拟软件对辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂卸压增透进行了数值模拟。研究表明,水力压裂主要在以下3个方面对煤体起到增透作用:使煤体卸压、提高煤层透气性;湿润煤体,增加塑性;改善瓦斯抽放环境。辛置煤矿2-559回采工作面水力压裂所需压力约为15MPa,压裂半径为5-6m,以此可以初步确定现场施工过程中水力压裂钻孔间距以不大于10m为宜。     

Prospects for disaster management in China and the role of insurance

ABSTRACT

Natural disasters have serious negative consequences for China and it is necessary to build an effective and efficient disaster relief system. This paper aims to provide suggestions for how to restructure and optimise China’s disaster relief system. This paper first discusses the four main channels through which relief funds are currently distributed in China while also examining the relative share of relief funds directed through each channel. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of these relief channels are compared. Finally, suggestions for how China can reduce the negative economic and social impacts of natural disasters by restructuring and optimising its current disaster relief system are provided. The paper presents several main findings. Currently, government-channelled funds are the most important source of disaster relief in China. However, the actual ratio of relief funds from the government to the total amount of losses and the ratio of relief funds from the four channels added together are both very low. This paper argues that the role of commercial insurance in disaster relief is far from sufficient. Importantly, suggestions are also provided on how to restructure the system and on the relative role that each of these channels should play in China’s disaster relief system.     

间距对上保护层开采保护效果影响的相似模拟实验研究

为研究上保护层开采保护效果随层间距的变化规律,以南桐矿区作为实验背景,保持保护层倾向工作面开挖长度、煤层埋深、倾角、岩层物理力学性质相同,将层间多层岩层处理为复合岩层,分别进行近距离、远距离和超远距离上保护层开采相似模拟实验。综合分析被保护层卸压规律及基于被保护层垂直于层面的膨胀变形保护准则所得保护范围可知:上保护层开采被保护层卸压曲线呈“凸形”,且“凸形”中心线偏向下山方向。随层间距增加,“凸形”底部被保护层小于原岩应力的卸压范围与“凸形”顶部卸压曲线顶部较大卸压的范围均呈减小趋势;两者中心位置均向下山方向转移,且后者转移度大于前者;被保护层卸压曲线中卸压范围的卸压程度及应力集中范围的应力集中程度均呈减弱趋势;以垂直层面的膨胀变形量3‰确定的上下边界膨胀变形保护角均小于《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》中相应条件的卸压角,因此以该方法确定的保护范围相对《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》偏于安全,且随层间距增加保护范围长度呈加速减小趋势。     

中国自然灾害备灾能力评价与地域划分

阐述了自然灾害发生之前,备灾响应能力评价的指标选择、指标模型的建立和地域划分;厘定了救灾物资的分类体系;基于救灾物资救助等级的划分程序,提出了国家主要灾种和救灾物资的救助评价等级及其地域划分.救灾物资的救助地域划分,不仅可以为国家不同自然灾害救灾物资代储类型和数量的地域匹配提供依据,而且可以为灾害救助区划服务,特别是为灾中应急和灾后恢复提供物资保障,从而达到有效减灾的目的.     

震灾保险新制式与国内外现行制式的比较研究

本文概括分析了国外震灾保险制式的形成思路、实施准则及其局限性；指出国内大多数研究模式受传统观念的制约，只能是对国外制式的效仿和沿袭；进而介绍了一种能够有效克服一般模式弊病的新型震灾保险制式，并对其实质与科学蕴涵作了简略阐述。     

H3880-V890B综合环境应力可靠性试验系统介绍

综合环境应力可靠性试验,对于验证产品可靠性平均无故障工作时间（ＭＴＢＦ）和暴露产品设计、元件选用２、生产工艺等方面的缺陷有着十分重要的作用。综合环境应力可靠性试验设备是实施该项试验的重要手段。本文详述Ｈ３８８０－Ｖ８９０Ｂ试验系统的布局、功能、参数及主要技术,旨城向试验同行介绍目前试验设备的最新技术动态。同时希望资源共享,为暂不具备大型综合环境应力设备的单位提供协作,共同为提高我国的装备技术水平作     

Melanin-based colorations signal strategies to cope with poor and rich environments

One hypothesis for the maintenance of genetic variation states that alternative genotypes are adapted to different environmental conditions (i.e., genotype-by-environment interaction G×E) that vary in space and time. Although G×E has been demonstrated for morphological traits, little evidence has been given whether these G×E are associated with traits used as signal in mate choice. In three wild bird species, we investigated whether the degree of melanin-based coloration, a heritable trait, covaries with nestling growth rate in rich and poor environments. Variation in the degree of reddish-brown phaeomelanism is pronounced in the barn owl (Tyto alba) and tawny owl (Strix aluco), and variation in black eumelanism in the barn owl and Alpine swift (Apus melba). Melanin-based coloration has been shown to be a criterion in mate choice in the barn owl. We cross-fostered hatchlings to test whether nestlings sired by parents displaying melanin-based colorations to different extent exhibit alternative growth trajectories when raised by foster parents in poor (experimentally enlarged broods) and rich (experimentally reduced broods) environments. With respect to phaeomelanism, barn owl and tawny owl offspring sired by redder parents grew more rapidly in body mass only in experimentally reduced broods. With respect to eumelanism, Alpine swift offspring of darker fathers grew their wings more rapidly only in experimentally enlarged broods, a difference that was not detected in reduced broods. These interactions between parental melanism and offspring growth rate indicate that individuals display substantial plasticity in response to the rearing environment which is associated with the degree of melanism: at least with respect to nestling growth, phaeomelanic and eumelanic individuals are best adapted to rich and poor environments, respectively. It now remains to be investigated why eumelanism and phaeomelanism have a different signaling function and what the lifelong consequences of these melanism-dependent allocation strategies are. This is important to fully appraise the role played by environmental heterogeneity in maintaining variation in the degree of melanin-based coloration.     

兼顾环保的压力容器超压防护装置

本不仅从安全的角度分析了常用压力容器超压保护装置－安全阀与爆破片的动作性能,而且从减少排放总量的角度出发分析了它们由于安全泄放与泄漏对环境带来的不利影响。依据上述分析,对安全阀与爆破片的各种性能和优缺点进行了对比。针对安全阀密封面容易泄漏和爆破片一次性安全排放都存在向环境排放介质过多的问题,提出两种安全阀与爆破片的组合结构,并从安全的角度出发,依据国内有关标准和规范,对这两种结构设置的安全阀,爆破片及相关附件的型式、压力参数、技术要求等有关安全设计的问题进行了讨论。     

Modification of the biochemical pathways of plants induced by ozone: what are the varied routes to change?

When plants are observed under a low dose of ozone, some physiological and metabolic shifts occur. Barring extreme injury such as tissue damage or stomata closure, most of these disruptive changes are likely to have been initiated at the level of gene expression. The belief is oxidative products formed in ozone exposed leaves, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, are responsible for much of the biochemical adjustments. The first line of defense is a range of antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, but if this defense is overwhelmed, subsequent actions occur, similar to systemic acquired resistance or general wounding. Yet there are seemingly unrelated metabolic responses which are also triggered, such as early senescence. We discuss here the current understanding of gene control and signal transduction/control in order to increase our comprehension of how ozone alters the basic metabolism of plants and how plants counteract or cope with ozone.     

城市震后救灾系统救灾决策研究

论述了震后救灾系统模型及评估方法,采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟和最优化技术理论,建立了城市震后救灾、救护、运输网络系统的可靠性分析方法和以失效概率为控制参数的最佳路径优化方法,并以某城市网络系统为例通过分析研究,给出了震后救灾决策方法。