Sex,age, spleen size,and kidney fat of red deer relative to infection intensities of the lungworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elaphostrongylus cervi</Emphasis>

We analyzed the relationships among spleen size, body condition (measured as kidney fat), and larval counts of the nematode Elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (Cervus elaphus). The aim was to investigate the interaction between host body condition and intensity of infection with parasites. As red deer are highly polygynous, we also tested whether these relationships varied with sex and age of the hosts. Kidney fat and spleen size were positively correlated in subadults (2–3 years old) and adults (>3 years old), but not in calves (<1 year old) or yearlings (1–2 years old). Spleen size was negatively associated with nematode load in subadult females and in adult males. These two age classes are potentially the most nutritionally stressed, as subadult hinds are still growing and often engaging in rearing their first calf, and adult stags were sampled just after the rut, which is recognized as a substantial energy drain in this age–sex class, as they compete to hold females during the mating season. Body condition related negatively to parasite count only in adult males. In the context of red deer life history, these findings suggest that spleen size is dependent on body condition and that it could be affected by variation in resource partitioning among immune defense, growth, and reproductive effort in red deer. For the first time in a wild mammal, the spleen mass is shown to be positively related to body condition and negatively related to parasite infection. We conclude that elucidating whether spleen mass reflects immune defense investment or a measure of general body condition should contribute to understanding topical issues in mammal ecology.     

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

寡毛类蠕虫污泥减量技术的稳定性研究进展

对近年来国内外寡毛类蠕虫污泥减量技术的稳定性研究进展进行了系统评述。除了选择适合稳定减量的蠕虫种属以外,蠕虫反应器构造和废水处理工艺流程、污泥减量工艺的运行操作参数、以及活性污泥本身,都是影响寡毛类蠕虫在活性污泥系统中稳定存在并直接影响到其对活性污泥的捕食和削减能力的重要因素。通过对现有研究进行分析,指出寡毛类蠕虫污泥减量工艺投入实际工程应用的技术和经济瓶颈。     

Hydrolyzed Al(Ⅲ) clusters: Speciation stability of nano-Al13

Pure nano-Al13 and aggregates at various concentrations were prepared to examine the particle size effect of coagulation with inorganic polymer fiocculant. The property and stability of various species formed were characterized using Infrared, 27Al-NMR,photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and Ferron assay. Results showed that concentration and temperature exhibited different roles on the stability of Al13. The quantity of Alb species analyzed by ferron assay in the initial aging period corresponded well with that of Al13, which has been confirmed in a dimension range of 1-2 nm by PCS. Al13 solutions at high concentrations (0.5-2.11 mol/L)were observed to undergo further aggregation with aging. The aggregates with a wide particle size distribution would contribute to the disappeared/decreased Al13 basis on the 27Al-NMR spectrum, whereas a part of Al13 would still remain as Alb. At low concentrations,Al13 solution was quite stable at normal temperature, but lost its stability quickly when heating to 90°C.     

岩质边坡稳定性分析的模糊模式识别方法研究及应用

边坡稳定性分析是不确定性问题,伴有随机性的同时兼具模糊性.本文通过运用主成分分析法优选影响岩质边坡稳定性的特性指标,进而构建边坡稳定性模式和待识别边坡的隶属函数,并确定计算贴近度的方法,以此建立了边坡稳定性的模糊识别模型.在通过模型进行实例仿真的过程中,为综合考虑各种因素对边坡稳定性影响程度的大小,用德尔菲(Delph...     

基于景观功能与稳定性的矿区规划环境影响评价研究——以晋中煤炭基地西山矿区为例

应用景观生态学方法,结合煤矿区规划环评的特点,从景观功能与稳定性评价入手,建立了三层次的适用于煤矿区规划评价的指标体系。并以晋中煤矿基地——西山矿区为例,进行矿区规划景观功能与稳定性评价的研究。结果表明,在煤矿区规划开发活动中,应加强采煤沉陷区的治理和恢复,注重水土保持和景观破碎化的改善,以减少规划对景观功能和稳定性的破坏。运用本次确定的评价体系进行定量计算的结果与常规的景观定性分析结论基本一致,但该指标体系还需要从区域生态承载力人均化、加强污染物变化情况远期预测和细化地表沉陷引起土地面积损失几个方面加以改进和完善。     

更新世黄土高原强烈侵蚀期发生的环境条件

在更新世,黄土高原经历了若干堆积-侵蚀旋回。其中黄土堆积主要发生在冷干期,而强烈土壤侵蚀发生的环境条件至今尚无统一认识,其确定对了解黄土高原地貌的演化过程和更新世侵蚀期的求得均具有重要意义。通过对比黄土高原侵蚀模数分布图与新构造运动分区图,得出侵蚀模数高值区与构造抬升强烈区并不吻合,推断黄土高原侵蚀期发生的主要原因不是构造抬升。在野外考察中,寻找了多个侵蚀面,并与邻近较为完整的黄土-古土壤剖面进行比照,发现侵蚀面主要存在于黄土层上部,其上覆的古土壤层一般保存完整,说明土壤侵蚀主要发生在黄土层,即气候由冷干向暖湿的过渡时期。这一结论为求取黄土高原第四纪侵蚀期提供了理论依据。     

不同围岩和埋深条件下高地温隧道围岩稳定性影响研究*

为了研究围岩等级及埋深对高地温隧道围岩稳定性的影响,以红河州建（个）元高速公路尼格隧道为工程背景,采用现场测试、正交试验及数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨围岩等级、埋深及温度对隧道围岩稳定的敏感性。研究结果表明:隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩等级及埋深的升高而增加,而隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩温度的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,影响隧道拱顶沉降因素主次顺序为围岩等级、埋深及温度。将数值模拟与现场监测结果对比分析,验证数值模拟的可靠性及准确性。研究结果可为类似高地温隧道设计和施工提供参考。     

糖厂污泥中高效产氢菌的分离鉴定及产氢优化

从甘蔗糖厂污泥样品中,分离纯化得到一株革兰氏阳性厌氧产氢菌。经16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,该菌株为Clostridium sp.60E(注册号:JF708079)。对该菌株生长及产氢特性的研究发现,其产氢主要发生在细胞生长对数期的中后期和稳定期。温度及pH值单因素实验显示,Clostridium sp.60E为一株中温产氢菌,有较好的耐酸能力。采用正交实验研究方法优化产氢条件,发现起始pH值为5,培养温度为35℃,碳源选择葡萄糖时,其总产氢量最高可达到(208±8.01)mL H2/100 mL培养基,比优化前提高了142%,产氢纯度最高达到55.32%,最高产氢速率为(188±8.72)mL H2/(L.h)、15.99 mmo(l H)2g(/dry cell.h)。以上研究表明,从糖厂污泥中筛选的Clostridium sp.60E是一株良好的厌氧发酵产氢菌,将其应用于废水处理,可以实现有机废水的高效制氢,是实现废水和有机废物资源化的一条有效途径。     

HDPE土工膜长期性能稳定性的研究进展

垃圾填埋场底部高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)土工膜会因氧化降解而使防渗性能降低,对环境带来二次污染风险,因此,HDPE膜的长期稳定性是值得关注的问题,但国内相关研究甚少。HDPE膜的降解过程可分为3个阶段,主要受自身性质、温度、接触介质和衬垫结构等因素的影响。文章重点综述了国外研究HDPE膜长期稳定性的试验方法,归纳了相关的数学模型,并根据存在的问题提出了建议。室内试验一般采用老化试验,包括浸泡试验和模拟试验,二者均能加快HDPE膜的老化进程。前者一般将试样完全浸泡于研究介质中试验,试验值较为保守;后者将样品置于模拟的衬垫构造中试验,结果更接近实际。数学模型采用Arrhenius模型,精度和所需参数取决于老化试验,现阶段大部分计算结果较片面,完善试验是后续工作的重点。