斜拉索跨越管桥安全状况评定方法研究

为有效地了解油气长输管道中斜拉索跨越管桥的安全状况,保障管道正常运行,建立一种斜拉索跨越管桥安全状况评定方法。在工程实际的基础上,借鉴《公路桥梁技术状况评定标准》斜拉桥技术状况评定思想,针对跨越油气管道自身特点,构建斜拉索跨越管桥安全状况评定指标体系。结合网络层次分析法和熵权法,计算指标的组合权重。根据指标评分,求得斜拉索管桥的安全状况分值,确定安全状况评定等级。结果表明:管桥系指标对斜拉索跨越管桥安全状况的影响程度最大,应作为安全保护工作的重点;实例分析中,斜拉索跨越管桥安全状况评定等级为3级,其中锚固墩安全状况较差,管道管理方应结合现场检测及安全状况评定结果,及时采取有效的治理措施。     

Towards safer bicyclist responses to the presence of a truck near an urban loading zone: Analysis of bicyclist perceived level of comfort

IntroductionWhile sophisticated plans have been adopted nationally and globally to increase bicycling’s share of daily commutes, safety concerns have negatively impacted targeted bicycling growth. To investigate people’s preferences for bicycling in dense urban areas, it is important to recognize how bicycling perceived level of comfort (PLOC) is constructed and how it could relate to safe versus risky behavior while interacting with motorized modes of transportation. Method: To examine these issues, we analyzed results from an online survey with 342 participants. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to systematically investigate the construct of bicycling PLOC and simultaneously analyze bicyclists’ responses to the presence of a truck in the adjacent lane near an urban loading zone. Results: SEM estimation results indicated that participants who said that they engaged in more frequent distracted bicycling reported lower PLOC. On the other hand, those who felt that road users were more lawful and predictable, and who had more bicycling experience, reported higher levels of PLOC. Participants who bicycled for commuting purposes, who made shorter trips, who bicycled more frequently, and who had more exposure to downtown bicycling also reported higher levels of PLOC. Finally, findings showed that higher PLOC was significantly associated with the choice of a safe, rather than a risky response to the presence of a truck, suggesting that a way to improve bicyclist safety would be to build an environment that could increase bicyclists’ PLOC.     

归州河西沿江高切坡变形破坏及稳定性分析

为了掌握归州河以西沿江公路由于升级改造、工程开挖而产生的大量公路高切坡发育分布特征,总结其变形破坏模式,进而对其稳定性进行分析。在野外实地宏观调查、测量的基础上,通过数据处理,运用赤平投影法对调查区高切坡稳定性进行区划,其中不稳定切坡长约3.8km,占比39.6%,多发育在侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)和聂家山组(J1n)中,主要变形破坏模式为滑移型、倾倒型和剥落型,并根据其破坏模式的差异性提出相应防治对策。     

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.     

改进的模糊层次分析法在采动滑坡稳定性影响因素评价中的应用

采动滑坡是山区煤矿开采沉陷诱发的最为严重的一种非连续滑动破坏形式。为了对采动滑坡的稳定性进行评价,在常规层次分析法求解权重的基础上,通过对判断矩阵构造过程的改进避免了一致性检验,建立了改进的模糊层次分析模型,并以马桑湾滑坡为例,在分析采动滑坡稳定性主要影响因素的基础上,建立了采动滑坡稳定性影响因素评价指标递阶层次结构,应用改进的模糊层次分析法对该采动滑坡稳定性影响因素进行了重要性排序,其排序结果与现场实际相符合,证明了该方法的可行性。该研究结果对采动滑坡预防和治理具有重要的工程意义。     

低氧条件下不同电子受体对克雷伯氏菌降解菲的影响

为考察低氧条件下不同电子受体对于克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.ZS1,下称ZS1)降解菲的影响,在8%氧分压下,分别添加20 mmol/L Na₂SO₄、20 mmol/L NaNO₃、10 mmol/L FeCl₃为电子受体进行降解菌的培养. 通过分光光度法和平皿计数法分别测定电子受体消耗率和菌体生长量,并采用气-质联用法(GC-MS)测定ρ(菲),对不同电子受体影响下的菌体生长量和ρ(菲)进行单因素方差分析. 结果表明,在低氧环境下ZS1降解菲过程中,SO₄2-、NO₃-、Fe3+的消耗率分别为74.7%、0.2%、4.5%;电子转移速率分别为1 899、0.366 3、7.679 μmol/d. 未接种ZS1时,ρ(菲)只减少了10.1%;接种ZS1后,不添加电子受体和分别添加SO₄2-、NO₃-、Fe3+下菲的降解率分别为68.9%、86.2%、72.9%和68.5%,一级动力学方程求得的降解速率常数分别为0.181、0.360、0.186、0.183 d-1. 添加SO₄2-组ZS1的生长量是不添加电子受体组的2.5倍,而添加NO₃-或Fe3+时与不添加电子受体组基本相等. 研究显示,在低氧条件下,ZS1降解菲过程中可同时利用SO₄2-和O₂为电子受体;添加SO₄2-作为外源电子受体对ZS1的生长及降解能力有很强的促进作用;而添加NO₃-和添加Fe3+对ZS1降解菲和ZS1的生长没有显著影响.      

Does the improved stability offered by motorcycle antilock brakes (ABS) make sliding crashes less common? In-depth analysis of fatal crashes involving motorcycles fitted with ABS

Objective: This research investigated the following issue. Though several tests indicate that motorcycle ABS may increase motorcycle stability, thus reducing the risk of a sliding crash involving braking (i.e., the rider is separated from the motorcycle and slides along the road surface prior to collision), there is limited research showing to what extent sliding crashes are reduced by ABS in real-life conditions.

Methods: The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) carry out in-depth studies for all road fatalities. A total of 38 in-depth studies with ABS motorcycles were included: 22 in Sweden and 16 in Norway (2005–2014). These were compared with 98 cases in Sweden and 32 in Norway involving motorcycles of the same types but without ABS. The data sets were analyzed separately and also merged together. The difference between the proportions of sliding crashes regardless braking was analyzed; selective recruitment was handled with a sensitivity analysis. Induced exposure was used to calculate the reduction of all crashes and those involving braking.

Results: Four ABS cases (11%) involved falling off the motorcycle prior to collision, and 35% of the non-ABS crashes were sliding (P =.004). The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, with a relative difference of sliding crashes ranging between 65 and 78%.

None of the 4 sliding crashes with ABS occurred during braking; that is, all ABS riders who braked prior to collision crashed in an upright position. In the 4 sliding cases with ABS, the riders lost control of their motorcycles: 2 while accelerating on asphalt with very poor friction, 1 while negotiating a curve with an excessive lean angle, and 1 by abruptly releasing the throttle in the middle of a curve.

Although based on a limited number of cases, the distributions of sliding and upright collisions among crashes without braking were similar, thus suggesting that the crash posture would not be affected by ABS if no braking occurred. The calculations with induced exposure showed that upright crashes with braking were also reduced by ABS; all fatal crashes, regardless of braking, were reduced by 52%.

Conclusions: Though this research was based on a limited material, it confirmed that sliding fatal crashes are significantly decreased by ABS. Considering that ABS will soon be mandatory in the European Union on all new motorcycles with engine displacement over 125cc, these findings should be taken into account in the future design and testing of motorcycle-friendly road barriers and integrated protection systems.     

不同处理工艺对再生水化学稳定性的影响研究

围绕工业循环冷却水关注的化学稳定性问题,分析了市政再生水厂进水水质及其稳定性,对比了不同再生水处理工艺对主要化学稳定性指标的去除效果,并通过实例比较了混凝沉淀过滤、MBR、UF、RO工艺出水的化学稳定性。结果表明:当前常用工艺中,RO对硫酸盐、氯化物、硬度、碱度、电导率的去除效果最好,去除率达90%以上;实际案例也证实,RO出水的硫酸盐、氯化物、硬度、碱度、电导率含量最低,但RO出水离子配比失衡,导致p H值偏低,使得其生产的再生水腐蚀性倾向最为显著。     

SBR工艺活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性研究

以SBR反应器培养驯化阶段的活性污泥微型动物群落为研究对象,系统考察了活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落结构与优势种群变化规律,同时探讨了微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性.结果表明,1活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落类群和种属增多后趋于稳定的过程:污泥培养驯化过程中微型动物群落,由驯化初期以鞭毛虫为单一优势类群向鞭毛虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、固着型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等4个共优势类群演变,优势种属也由单一的波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)逐步向波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)、钟虫属(Vorticella sp.)、累枝虫属(Epistylis sp.)、楯纤虫属(Aspidisca sp.)、斜管虫属(Chilodonella sp.)、半眉虫属(Hemiophrys sp.)等6个共优势种属演变;2活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落物种多样性水平增高后趋于稳定的过程:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'在培养驯化过程中先急剧增大后小幅降低直至相对稳定,较培养驯化前增大约75%;3活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落趋于稳定的过程:驯化初期到中期微型动物群落稳定性略有减小,驯化中期到后期有较大的增加并趋于稳定,这是微型动物群落总多度、物种数均先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的结果;4微型动物群落稳定滞后于其污泥成熟与污水处理效能稳定.     

四种改良剂对酸性黄壤土壤酸度和肥力的影响

针对贵州黄壤酸和瘠的特点,采用正交实验设计方法对牛粪、生物炭、磷矿粉和钾长石粉四种改良剂对黄壤酸度和氮磷钾含量的改良效果进行了探索,分析了它们对黄壤氮磷钾含量的影响。结果显示,四种改良剂不仅能有效调节黄壤酸度,将酸性黄壤改变为中性或弱碱性土壤,而且能够有效改善黄壤氮磷钾养分含量。生物炭、牛粪、磷矿粉和钾长石粉混合施用能提高土壤肥力,与原始黄壤相比,混合后土壤的有效氮提升近10倍,有效磷提高达百倍,速效钾提高9倍。通过回归分析,给出了氮磷钾养分含量与改良剂之间的关系式。