正念对应急疏散行为:风险感知和自我效能的中介作用*

为明确正念对应急疏散行为的影响机制,提高应急疏散效率,构建包含应急正念、风险感知、自我效能、掩蔽效应和应急疏散行为的概念模型,基于调查问卷结果,利用结构方程模型进行实证研究。研究结果表明:正念、风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为存在正向影响,正念通过风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为产生部分中介效应;掩蔽效应在自我效能影响应急疏散行为过程中具有显著调节作用;正念通过风险感知能力提高自我效能,进一步对应急疏散行为产生影响。研究结果可为缓解突发事件带来的不良情绪及压力,增强个体自信程度及风险感知能力,提高应急疏散效率提供参考和借鉴。     

金属负载活性炭催化剂的稳定性研究

通过预处理、浸渍处理、改性液后处理等方式,研究开发出具有电化学反应性能的系列金属负载活性炭催化剂.分别将未改性和改性后的系列金属负载活性炭用于不同pH值下多种高浓度有机废水处理.试验结果表明,改性后的载铜及载铁活性炭催化剂经催化氧化反应后,处理出水中Cu2+离子和Fe2+离子的溶出量均可减少90％以上,苯胺及苯酚废水中COD的去除率可达50％～95％.大大提高了金属负载活性炭催化剂的稳定性,提高了催化剂的使用寿命,降低了废水处理成本.     

基于灰色聚类法的成都市大气污染评价

大气环境质量问题一直是关注的环境问题之一,而灰色聚类分析方法在很多领域已有应用。本文对成都市大气环境监测数据进行评价：采用灰色聚类分析方法,将污染因子（SO2、NO2、PM10）进行综合评价,标准化污染因子及评价指标。白化函数得到各个污染因子每年的5×4矩阵,按照聚类系数来判定综合指标类型,并进行评价。为成都市综合大气...     

DPD光度法测定水中余氯

本研究介绍的对氨基 N ,N 二乙基苯胺 (DPD)作显色剂时 ,不但显色迅速 ,而且显色稳定 3 0min左右 ,常温下 ,显色几乎不受温度的影响 ;线性范围宽 ,余氯在 0～ 10 0 μg 5 0mL时 ,遵守比耳定律 ,摩尔吸光系数达 1 1× 10 4。测定 μg量级的余氯时 ,相对标准偏差≤ 11 5 % ,最大吸收峰为 5 5 3nm ,方法操作简便 ,快速 ,用于水样及回收率的测定 ,结果令人满意     

环境信息系统建设的理论和实践

上海环境信息系统是为环境管理、决策提供科学化、定量化服务的信息系统。简要介绍了它的建设规划和总体目标。上海环境信息系统由代码和标准、图形信息、环境质量、污染源、环境管理、计划支持和环境预测决策等７个控制子系统组成，实施计划分三步走。１９９１０～１９９３年，基本建成环境基本信息库。１９９４～１９９７年，基本建成环境管理信息库。１９９８～２０００年，基本建成环境决策支持系统。同时，还就环境信息系统建设     

Valuing biodiversity: reality or mirage?

The objective of this paper was to consider the social value ofbiological diversity and explore if this value could be expressedin terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integratednon-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions canbe understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Withinsuch a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with thisprobability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow.     

强度折减系数法在学堂湾滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

基于强度折减系数的有限单元法不但满足力的平衡条件,而且考虑了材料的应力应变关系,使得计算结果更加精确合理.本文采用非线性有限元强度折减法对三峡库区三期地质灾害防治工程应急抢险紧急实施项目--学堂湾滑坡进行稳定性评价研究.研究结果表明,与传统刚体极限平衡法相比,该方法能够更有效地描述边坡破坏模式,而且通过研究边坡稳定分析所计算的安全系数以及通过最大剪切变形率的相关等值线可以查看破坏形态,更有助于理解滑体破坏机制.有限元强度折减系数法为滑坡稳定性评价提供了一条更为有效的途径.     

State-of-the-art of ecological modelling with emphasis on development of structural dynamic models

The paper deals with two major problems in ecological modelling today, namely how to get reliable parameters? and how to build ecosystem properties into our models? The use of new mathematical tools to answer these questions is mentioned briefly, but the main focus of the paper is on development of structural dynamic models which are models using goal functions to reflect a current change of the properties of the biological components in the models. These changes of the properties are due to the enormous adaptability of the biological components to the prevailing conditions. All species in an ecosystem attempt to obtain most biomass, i.e. to move as far away as possible from thermodynamic equilibrium which can be measured by the thermodynamic concept exergy. Consequently, exergy has been proposed as a goal function in ecological models with dynamic structure, meaning currently changed properties of the biological components and in model language currently changed parameters. An equation to compute an exergy index of a model is presented. The theoretical considerations leading to this equation are not presented here but references to literature where the basis theory can be found are given. Two case studies of structural dynamic modelling are presented: a shallow lake where the structural dynamic changes have been determined before the model was developed, and the application of biomanipulation in lake management, where the structural dynamic changes are generally known. Moreover. it is also discussed how the same idea of using exergy as a goal function in ecological modelling may be applied to facilitate the estimation of parameters.     

On the Problem of Assessing the Resistance of Planktonic Community to Adverse Influences

An experimental-analytical method for assessing the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems under conditions of anthropogenic pollution is considered. Such data are very important for estimating economic damage from accidental environmental pollution and determining the seasons in which industrial activities will be less hazardous in ecological terms. A feasible approach to this problem is based on the study of ecosystem behavior under critical conditions. Phytoplankton, being the main primary producer of organic matter in the aquatic ecosystem, is the key element providing for its stability.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 294–299.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Domnin, Korsak, Mosharov.