A SEPARABLE LINEAR ALGORITHM FOR HYDROPOWER OPTIMIZATION1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic, separable, linear algorithm is presented for maximizing aggregate hydropower production. The method is iterative and amenable to solution using standard LP software. The utility of the technique is demonstrated using several test applications involving a hypothetical single-purpose hydropower reservoir and a monthly increment 20-year flow record from the Gunpowder River in Maryland. The separable linearized forms solved quickly using MPSX on a variety of IBM hardware: 3090-400 VF, 3084 QX, dual processor 4381-3, and an AT/370 personal computer. For comparison purposes, the original nonlinear nonseparable version of the model was also solved using MINOS. This yielded a value of aggregate hydropower marginally higher than that using MPSX. The separable, linearized methodology proved to be a useful and an efficient means of generating good starting points for MINOS. The use of these warm starts effected substantial reductions in MINOS execution times.     

Lessons in logistics from Somalia

By February 1981 the refugee relief operation in Somalia was close to breakdown. The Governor of Somalia and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) contracted the agency CARE to manage the logistics of the operation. By August 1981 over 99 % of food received at Mogadishu was reaching the camps. Here we describe this apparent success, and attempt to diagnose the contributing factors. Chief among these are dynamic leadership, 'systems' management, adaptability of personnel, the use of professional Indian food monitors in the camps, and the support given by the Government. The chief qualification on the success of the operation has been the continued dependency on expatriate expertise.
General conclusions are offered relating to the management of logistics in relief operations. The most important conclusion is that there is a prime need for logistics to be centralized in a single organization at the start of major emergencies. We point to the current inadequacy in an international relief system which fails to ensure this, and suggest that a new or existing part of the United Nations family be given a 'brief for in-country logistics' to become a UN Emergency Logistics Office.     

湿法烟气脱硫系统设计中应注意的问题

简要介绍了电厂石灰石一石膏烟气湿法脱硫系统的组成,对湿法烟气脱硫系统设计和运行中容易出现的一些问题进行了分析,并提出相应的对策,以供脱硫系统设计和运行人员借鉴。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统运行经济分析

对国电九江发电有限公司6号锅炉尾部烟气湿法脱硫工程进行了经济分析,并列出了脱硫系统运行成本的构成。要降低脱硫系统运行成本,关键是要优化系统设计、优化运行管理、降低电耗。     

硫氮比对厌氧生物同步脱氮除硫工艺性能的影响

研究了硫氮摩尔比对厌氧生物同步脱氮除硫工艺高效性、稳定性和选择性的影响.单质硫型厌氧生物同步脱氮除硫反应(硫氮摩尔比为5:2)的硫化物和硝酸盐容积去除速率高达4.86 kg·m-3.d-1和0.99 kg·m-3.d-1工艺效能明显高于混合型和硫酸盐型(硫氮摩尔比分别为5:5和5:8).单质硫型厌氧生物同步脱氮除硫反应各项出水指标的波动相对较小,但当进水硫化物浓度超过临界值时,工效失稳,其主要原因是pH无法维持在所需范围.在所试的3种进水硫氮摩尔比下,实际反应的硫氮摩尔比有靠拢5:2的趋势.将硫氮摩尔比调控在较高水平(硫氮摩尔比为5:2),可提高同步厌氧生物同步脱氮除硫反应对单质硫和氮气的选择性.对不同硫氮比时反应物之间的电子得失情况进行了分析.     

脉冲电晕放电烟气脱硫的影响因素

脉冲放电脱硫反应器电极结构采用线-板式电极,正极性窄脉冲高电压供电,试验烟气流量为1000～3000m³/h.主要研究了脉冲放电脱硫的运行参数对脱硫效果的影响,目的是为脉冲放电烟气脱硫工业应用提供科学依据.得出的试验结果:烟气中SO₂浓度在1000～2000ml/m³范围内,烟气温度在60℃～80℃范围内,氨加入量按摩尔比NH₃SO₂=2:1加入,能耗3～5 W·h/Nm³,SO₂脱除率达到80%以上.     

新常态下亟需树立经济发展与环境保护“共生”观

从根本上解决环境问题,特别是在新常态下,需要建立经济发展与环境保护“共生”观。本文论述了经济与环境共生观产生的背景与内涵。贯彻经济发展与环境保护共生的观念,必须采取2个行动:一是改变环境保护实施综合决策体制,建立经济发展与环境保护融合决策体制。在最高决策层,要采取经济与环境融合决策体制,在这个背景下政策环境影响评价将顺利通过。二是改变经济发展与环境保护协调运行机制,建立经济发展与环境保护协同运行机制。京津冀等地协同治理雾霾取得了一定的成绩,说明树立经济与环境共生观念,建立协同运行机制是可行的。     

固定床活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程的模拟研究

采用流程模拟软件对固定床活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程进行模拟,并用已公开发表的文献实验数据进行了模型验证。模型验证结果与文献值吻合较好。利用该模型对活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程进行模拟研究,探讨了脱硫过程中床层高度、进口烟气中SO_2质量浓度、吸附温度等工艺参数对SO_2脱除率的影响。模拟结果表明:随床层高度增加,SO_2脱除率提高;随进口烟气中SO_2质量浓度增加,SO_2脱除率提高;在吸附温度为100~160℃的范围内,随吸附温度升高,SO_2脱除率逐渐下降。     

零价铁-过二硫酸盐连续运行体系去除水中硝基苯

水中硝基苯(NB)的高毒性对人体健康具有极大的危害,因此,本文建立了零价铁-过二硫酸盐(Fe0-PS)连续运行体系以降解水中NB.研究结果表明,单独Fe0柱可还原降解NB,Fe0对不同浓度NB的还原效果均较好,随着流速的减慢及初始pH的降低,NB还原效果变好;但还原体系中总有机碳(TOC)基本没有去除,只是生成了中间产物苯胺(AN).Fe0-PS联合体系中,随着PS的投加,产生的Fe2+活化PS,发生了类Fenton反应,从而使还原产物AN得以氧化降解,TOC去除率可达54.8%;随着Fe0填充量的增加,氧化产物Fe2+随之增加,还原产物AN随之减少.可见,Fe0-PS连续运行体系,以Fe2+为媒介巧妙结合还原与氧化作用,能有效去除NB.     

新型低造价小钻头冷挤压工艺的研究

根据该新型钻头的特点 ,分析了采用机加工方法成形时存在的问题 ,明确指出冷挤压方法才是其可行的成形工艺 ,研究了其整个制造工艺流程。特别对其冷挤压工艺进行了深入研究。