芦苇和香蒲种间竞争对混合种植人工湿地污染河水净化特性的影响

为了系统评估混合种植人工湿地中植物组成的变化规律,以及物种竞争对湿地植物-微生物相互作用和湿地净化功能的影响特性,基于芦苇、香蒲混合种植的表面流人工湿地中试实验,开展了连续5年的研究.结果表明,在混合种植人工湿地中,芦苇从进水端开始侵蚀香蒲生态位,芦苇的生长密度和生物量在5年后分别达到了香蒲的11.5和6.1倍,但香蒲...     

From unknown problem to an acknowledged local environmental problem – a case of polluted soil in the city of Helsinki

The article focuses on the administrative processes and factors that have been constructing polluted soil as an environmental problem on the local level. The main questions are how polluted soil was constructed as an environmental problem and by whom? The research material consists of documents from the municipality's administration, and the method of analysis is qualitative content analysis. Finally, it is argued that the definition of the problem radically changed in 20 years. However, there was a noticeable institutional delay between the national- and local-level decision-making and some randomness seemed to be involved in the process of understanding and defining the environmental problem.     

微污染水源水处理技术探析

近年来,我国不少地区饮用水水源水质日益恶化,水质净化面临新的问题。通过对微污染水源水处理技术的分析,阐明了微污染水处理的基本理论,探讨了强化传统处理工艺、预处理技术、深化处理技术的作用效果与机理,展望了我国饮用水源水处理发展趋势。     

一体化设备处理某乡镇微污染地下水工艺研究

针对乡镇地下水微污染的特点,研究石英砂一沸石过滤器、膜组件与紫外线消毒器一体化设备处理效果,当进水浊度在15—36NTU,出水浊度达0．2—0．5NTU,去除效率达98％-99．3％;进水氨氮浓度范围为0．4～1．4mg／L,反应3．5min后出水的氨氮浓度小于0．5mg／L;微生物指标去除率为100％。采用一体化设备处理乡镇微污染地下水可行。     

处理微污染河水的人工湿地中磷的去除特征及吸附形态分布

通过在野外条件下构建两座潜流人工湿地,考察了湿地对微污染水体中磷的净化效果,以及湿地填料对4种主要形态磷的吸附特征.结果表明,湿地对总磷(TP)的平均去除率在30％左右,颗粒性总磷(STP)去除比例略高于溶解性总磷(DTP).两个湿地中TP的出水负荷随其进水负荷的升高线性增大,而磷的单位面积去除负荷与进水负荷呈对数关系,迸水负荷超过1000 g·m-2·d-1后,去除负荷没有发生明显变化.4种主要形态磷的吸附量关系表现为钙镁磷(Ca/Mg-P,12582和11052 mg)＞铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P,5312和5750 mg)＞弱吸附磷(Plabile-P,2054和1207 mg)＞腐殖质磷(Humic-P,-362和-136 mg).湿地3层填料对Humic-P和Plabile-P的吸附能力有限,且伴有解吸现象,而Ca/Mg-P和Fe/Al-P的吸附主要发生在卵石和碎砖层,碎石层对湿地中磷的去除贡献较低.栽种植物对湿地中填料对磷的吸附影响较小.     

多种材料对水中氨氮的吸附特性

针对黑臭水体中氨氮难以去除的问题,选取沸石、麦饭石、硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭这5种材料,通过实验考察所选材料对水中氨氮的吸附性能.结果表明,准二级动力学方程更加适用于5种材料的数据拟合,得出最大吸附量分别为2. 067 3、0. 998 2、0. 758 0、1. 748 6和1. 016 0 mg·g~(-1),且接近实验值,因此化学吸附是主要的吸附方式;采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程对数据进行拟合,得出硅藻土更适合Langmuir等温方程,属于单层吸附,其他4种材料则更加适合Freundlich等温方程为多层分子吸附,且5种材料的吸附都为有利吸附;通过投加量实验得知,沸石、硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭对氨氮去除率随投加量增加而升高,最大去除率分别为100%、10. 46%、49. 25%和16. 87%,而麦饭石先升高后降低,投加量为0. 4g时,取得最大值为48. 85%;在p H为4～10,沸石和麦饭石吸附量先增加后减少,而硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭的吸附量缓慢升高; 5种材料氨氮解吸量随初始浓度升高而升高.     

Rapid control of black and odorous substances from heavily-polluted sediment by oxidation: Efficiency and effects

Oxidants were proposed to rapidly control black and odorous substances in sediments. NaClO and KMnO₄ had excellent efficiency to remove black and odorous substances. NaClO dramatically accelerated the release of organics, NH₄⁺-N, P, and heavy-metals. Moderate oxidation had a limited effect on microbial communities. NaClO of 0.2 mmol/g was viewed to be the optimum option. The control of black and odorous substances in sediments is of crucial importance to improve the urban ecological landscape and to restore water environments accordingly. In this study, chemical oxidation by the oxidants NaClO, H₂O₂, and KMnO₄ was proposed to achieve rapid control of black and odorous substances in heavily-polluted sediments. Results indicate that NaClO and KMnO₄ are effective at removing Fe(II) and acid volatile sulfides. The removal efficiencies of Fe(II) and AVS were determined to be 45.2%, 94.1%, and 93.7%, 89.5% after 24-h exposure to NaClO and KMnO₄ at 0.2 mmol/g, respectively. Additionally, rapid oxidation might accelerate the release of pollutants from sediment. The release of organic matters and phosphorus with the maximum ratios of 22.1% and 51.2% was observed upon NaClO oxidation at 0.4 mmol/g. Moreover, the introduction of oxidants contributed to changes in the microbial community composition in sediment. After oxidation by NaClO and KMnO₄ at 0.4 mmol/g, the Shannon index decreased from 6.72 to 5.19 and 4.95, whereas the OTU numbers decreased from 2904 to 1677 and 1553, respectively. Comparatively, H₂O₂ showed a lower effect on the removal of black and odorous substances, pollutant release, and changes in sediment microorganisms. This study illustrates the effects of oxidant addition on the characteristics of heavily polluted sediments and shows that chemical oxidants may be an option to achieve rapid control of black and odorous substances prior to remediation of water environments.     

污染水体生态恢复的市场运作

随着水污染的不断加剧，我国正面临着治理水污染和恢复水体的双重任务。水体生态恢复的实质就是恢复并维持水体生态系统功能为人类经济活动服务。因此，探讨其经济学原理，特别是市场运作机制的产生、发展和完善，对水体生态恢复的实施起着至关重要的作用。在论述水体生态恢复的价值的基础上，探讨了维系水体生态恢复的市场运作机制的要素：污染水体产权和交易市场的形成，建立有效的市场行为以及水体生态恢复的多元化投资，并提出了相应的建议和措施。     

基于热成像技术的污水排放源识别研究

污水暗排口是一种较难监测的污染源.为了更好地探索监测这种污染源的方法,本研究以北京市城区积水潭处的护城河为对象,利用热成像技术对模拟污水暗排口进行了探测.结果表明,模拟污水与河道中的原水的温度分布存在显著差异,原水温度分布均匀,而模拟污水排入后水面温度呈辐射状同心圆分布,从红外图像上可以明确地把两种水体区分开来.实验还研究了在异质水体排入时水面红外图像特征随时间的变化情况.结果表明,在有异质水体排入时,图像中会出现温度异常的水域;随着异质水体的持续排入,温度异常水域开始逐渐扩大.研究结果为利用热成像技术遥感监测污水暗排口提供了依据.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法测定黑臭河流中二甲基三硫醚

该研究在优化分析条件的基础上,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用方法测定了黑臭河流水体中二甲基三硫醚的含量。通过研究萃取头涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、水样体积和气相色谱进样口温度对二甲基三硫醚萃取效率的影响,得到了二甲基三硫醚最佳预处理和检测条件为:采用CAR-PDMS(75μm)萃取头,取20 mL待测水样在45℃恒温搅拌下顶空萃取30 min,进样口温度为250℃。采用优化后的方法对实际城市黑臭河流水样进行了检测,测得的二甲基三硫醚的浓度范围为5 853～8 939 ng/L。