Using Vessel Monitoring System Data to Improve Systematic Conservation Planning of a Multiple-Use Marine Protected Area,the Kosterhavet National Park (Sweden)

When spatial fishing data is fed into systematic conservation planning processes the cost to a fishery could be ensured to be minimal in the zoning of marine protected areas. We used vessel monitoring system (VMS) data to map the distribution of prawn trawling and calculate fishing intensity for 1-ha grid cells, in the Kosterhavet National Park (Sweden). We then used the software Marxan to generate cost-efficient reserve networks that represented every biotope in the Park. We asked what were the potential gains and losses in terms of fishing effort and species conservation of different planning scenarios. Given a conservation target of 10 % representation of each biotope, the fishery need not lose more than 20 % of its fishing grounds to give way to cost-efficient conservation of benthic diversity. No additional reserved area was needed to achieve conservation targets while minimizing fishing costs. We discuss the benefits of using VMS data for conservation planning.     

规划环境影响界定的方法与实例研究

规划环境影响评价隶属于战略环境影响评价的范畴,是国内外环境影响评价发展的一个新的阶段.其评价的方法和内容尚处于研究探索中,并未形成规范的方法系统.以某城市化工园区规划环境影响评价为例,对规划环境影响评价的环境影响界定方法进行初步探讨,提出规划环境影响评价应设置以环境影响识别和层次划分为具体内容的环境影响界定的观点.实例研究表明,在规划环境影响界定中,将规划的决策因子与识别出的主要环境议题联系起来,进行相关性分析和环境影响行为分析是十分有效的.     

昌吉州农村生态环境建设途径的探索研究

当前,农村生态环境形势严峻,点源污染与面源污染共存、生活污染和工业污染叠加、各种新旧污染与二次污染相互交织,已经成为新农村建设的极大障碍。文章以新疆昌吉州加强农村生态环境建设为背景,以开发农业循环经济理论为指导,大力发展生态农业,合理规划农村产业布局,促进新农村社会经济和环境保护的和谐发展。     

发展环保产业要选择正确途径

指出发展环保产业要选择正确途径,政府应为环境保护产业的发展和产业链的构建搭建一个完善的政策平台,为环境保护产业的发展创造条件;只注重环境保护技术设备的生产和供给市场,而忽视环境污染治理需求市场的培育和启动,就背离了市场供给和需求的逻辑关系。     

Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania

Sustainability of rural water supply programs in developing countries is still an elusive goal. It is widely accepted that, as a rule, they have failed to deliver benefits to society in the long run. Emphasis has frequently been placed on the short‐term activities. Fast production of new schemes is thus a common strategy, prioritizing the engineering component, while sidestepping social and participatory issues and community empowerment. In 2006, the Government of Tanzania launched a national program to meet water sector targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015. In this study we evaluate key features of the program on a sustained basis. There is evidence that the Government is promoting more sustained facilities, focusing on cost recovery and on ‘decentralization by devolution’. Nevertheless, there are several shortcomings which threaten the long‐term functionality of the infrastructure that has to be built. In light of the implementation of the program, and based on the outputs of its pilot phase, we review the factors that can determine its sustainability.     

Norm Stability in Jirisan National Park: Effects of Time,Existing Conditions,and Background Characteristics

Norm stability is an important issue to consider in using the normative approach as a component of resource management decision making. This study examines three major questions related to norm stability: (1) Do norms change over time? (2) Do existing conditions affect norms? (3) Do background characteristics and visitation patterns affect norms? Data used in this study were collected at a campground in the Jirisan National Park (JNP) of Korea in 1993, 1994, and 2003. A total of 396 subjects were used for the study (120 for 1993, 106 for 1994, and 170 for 2003). Changes in the standards for “quiet time” and “seeing others littering” were statistically significant, but there was no change in the standard for “number of other tents.” There was little change in norm agreement or norm prevalence. Existing conditions were strongly correlated with standards for number of other tents but results were mixed for the other two indicators. Users’ demographic characteristics and visitation patterns were not generally related to norms. Findings of the study are discussed.     

2A12铝合金微动疲劳全寿命预测方法研究

目的对于2A12铝合金,提出基于成核寿命和扩展寿命的微动疲劳全寿命预测方法。方法基于损伤力学法计算裂纹成核寿命,利用扩展有限元计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子,应用断裂力学计算裂纹扩展寿命,并对预测者和试验值进行比较。结果损伤力学法能考虑接触面应力三维度的作用来反映多轴状态作用,能有效模拟微动疲劳多轴行为。基于损伤力学法的微动疲劳全寿命预测模型能有效预测微动疲劳全寿命。由于微动作用,裂纹成核非常早,扩展寿命从试件的近表面开始,占全寿命的主要部分。结论考虑成核寿命和扩展寿命的微动疲劳全寿命分析是完善的,预测值与试验值比较吻合。     

湖北省农地资源价值研究

农地价值包括农地提供粮食、纤维等农副产品可计量的市场价值和提供开敞空间、维护生物多样性、保育环境、文化教育等公共物品所具有的非市场价值。科学、合理地评估农地价值,形成完整的资源成本核算体系,可缓解我国农地流失形势,为制定和实施农地生态管护政策等提供理论与实践依据。文章运用收益还原法及条件价值评估法对湖北省不同类型农地的市场价值和非市场价值进行评估,较为科学地评估出农地的整体价值,摸清农地资源的价值构成。研究表明,湖北省包括耕地、园地、林地及水域用地在内的农地资源的非市场价值现值达2514.88×10⁸元,相当于全省2004年生产总值的39.86%,是农地价值构成中无法忽略的重要部分。全省现有耕地资源总价值达11398.77×10⁸元,目前无法进入交易市场或有效地通过交易机制实现的非市场价值有942.63×10⁸元,占耕地总价值的8.27%;园地及水域用地的总价值分别为3715.27×10⁸元和10192.81×10⁸元,非市场价值的比例份额分别达13.64%和5.48%;现有林地资源的非市场价值达506.35×10⁸元,折合林地非市场价值约6407元/hm²。     

基于AIS数据的渤海湾地区海运排放测算

将船舶活动状态分为港口邻近区域的机动操纵工况和停泊工况以及海上航路的定速巡航工况;采用基于船舶活动的方法,建立了区域性海运排放测算模型.根据中国船级社船舶数据库,确定了不同类型船舶主、副机标定功率和设计航速与船舶总吨之间的关系;通过对船舶自动识别系统(AIS)船舶流量轨迹图的统计分析,得到了2014年渤海湾地区船舶流量数据;基于所确定的模型参数,计算得到了渤海湾地区海运排放清单.结果表明,2014年渤海湾地区海运NO_x、CO、HC、CO₂、SO₂和PM排放量分别为173808、14436、6144、7208919、120748和15292t;货船、危险品船和客船对海运排放的贡献占比分别约为73%、21%和6%;海上航路定速巡航工况对海运排放的贡献占比约为90%;其中,成山头至老铁山水道和老铁山水道至渤海中部航路排放之和约占海上航路排放的50%;天津港和大连港分别约占港口邻近区域排放的30%和20%.基于AIS统计数据的自下而上方法对区域性海运排放的测算具有可操作性.     

山东临沂大气夏季典型时段臭氧污染特征及其控制因素分析

2020年6月,在山东省临沂城区开展臭氧(O3)及其前体物观测实验,基于观测数据结合MCM光化学模式模拟,对6月中旬O3污染特例生成机理及控制机制进行了分析.结果 发现,尽管观测期间降水较多,一旦天气转晴,O3迅速积累并超标,1-h和8-h φ(O3)超标天数分别为10d(频率32％)和14 d(45％).O3日变化呈...