Evaluation of coastal zone sustainability: an integrated approach applied in Shanghai Municipality and Chong Ming Island

A systems approach has been applied to the examination of sustainable development in the coastal zone. This complex system is envisaged as comprising three sub-systems: environment and resources, economic development and society. A sustainability indicator system based on these three sub-systems has been set up to evaluate the nature of development in the coastal zone. The administrative regions of the Municipality of Shanghai and Chong Ming Island (in the Yangtze Estuary) have been selected as two coastal zones in which to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach. The approach indicated that the development process in Shanghai is one of weak sustainability with relatively rapid social and economic development at the cost of environment and resource degradation. In contrast, social and economic development in Chong Ming County has been limited to protect the regional environment and resources indicating a more sustainable approach to development.     

Mapping Land-Cover and Mangrove Structures with Remote Sensing Techniques: A Contribution to a Synoptic GIS in Support of Coastal Management in North Brazil

This article deals with the development and application of a cartographic database for a synoptic Geographic Information System (GIS). Its purpose is the storage and evaluation of the heterogeneous datasets of the interdisciplinary scientific research program MADAM (Mangrove Dynamics and Management), which aims to develop recommendations for a tailored integrated coastal management scheme for the mangrove ecosystem at Bragança (North Brazil). The article describes the integration of remote sensing data, aerial photographs, as well as point data provided by fieldwork from different scientific fields. Using various innovative processing techniques and different scale-resolution levels, an assessment of temporal–spatial changes of the mangrove peninsula and the adjacent rural socioeconomic impact area, the type of mangrove structure, as well as a land-use cover analyses was undertaken. The definition of the spatial level of detail was found to be a major issue in the development of the GIS, as well as during the processing and analysis procedures. A division between strong and weak patterns in the mangrove ecosystem could be made, which implies different management measures and sets of specific interdisciplinary studies and monitoring at hierarchical scales.     

安全伦理学的建构——关于安全伦理哲学研究及其领域的探讨

安全伦理学是伦理学的重要基础。安全伦理命题始终存在着道德反省与不反省两种哲学态度,后者长期以来一直占主流,使得安全伦理学的研究滞后,导致其在安全科学学科体系中“空缺”。应当看到,在处理“安全获得与财富获得”的价值关系上,需要建构安全伦理理论,树立科学的安全价值观理论,因而需要制定一套能指导和判断安全活动或行为的道德规范标准。建构安全伦理学,首先要把安全道德作为研究对象;其次根据其特殊的规范性、明显的实践性和具体的专业性等性质特点,提出一种区分安全活动的道德与不道德的原则,并决定安全伦理学的基本问题,为了保存、尊重生命,维护个体的安全权益和增进个体的自由与安全地位平等的社会正义,安全活动应该遵循那些伦理规范;最后确定出该学科的研究方法。     

民窿空区群级联失稳评价

民窿空区群已构成了许多矿山安全生产的极大隐患。针对民窿空区群的特点，运用重整化群方法，从整体的角度对民窿空区群系统的稳定性问题进行了研究，得到了空区群变尺度级联失稳迭代函数。给出了判别空区群系统整体失稳的临界概率，将空区群系统失稳的复杂判别转化为单元失稳概率与临界概率大小的比较问题，同时给出了计算实例，以供参考。所建立的方法可以为大规模民窿空区群范围内的工程施工以及民窿所在矿山空区群整体稳定性评价提供参考，同时也为认识一般空区群系统的失稳机理开辟了一条新的途径。     

Biological Effects of Fine Sediment in the Lotic Environment

/ Although sedimentation is a naturally occurring phenomenon inrivers, land-use changes have resulted in an increase in anthropogenicallyinduced fine sediment deposition. Poorly managed agricultural practices,mineral extraction, and construction can result in an increase in suspendedsolids and sedimentation in rivers and streams, leading to a decline inhabitat quality. The nature and origins of fine sediments in the loticenvironment are reviewed in relation to channel and nonchannel sources andthe impact of human activity. Fine sediment transport and deposition areoutlined in relation to variations in streamflow and particle sizecharacteristics. A holistic approach to the problems associated with finesediment is outlined to aid in the identification of sediment sources,transport, and deposition processes in the river catchment. The multiplecauses and deleterious impacts associated with fine sediments on riverinehabitats, primary producers, macroinvertebrates, and fisheries are identifiedand reviewed to provide river managers with a guide to source material. Therestoration of rivers with fine sediment problems are discussed in relationto a holistic management framework to aid in the planning and undertaking ofmitigation measures within both the river channel and surrounding catchmentarea.KEY WORDS: Sedimentation; Fine sediment; Holistic approach; Ecologicalimpact; River restoration     

GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND SIMULATED ANNEALING: FORMULATION AND COMPARISON1

ABSTRACT: Genetic algorithms (GA) and simulated annealing (SA), two global search techniques, are coupled with MODFLOW, a commonly used groundwater flow simulation code, for optimal management of ground water resources under general conditions. The coupled simulation-optimization models allow for multiple management periods in which optimal pumping rates vary with time to reflect the changing flow conditions. The objective functions of the management models are of a very general nature, incorporating multiple cost terms such as the drilling cost, the installation cost, and the pumping cost. The models are first applied to two-dimensional maximum yield and minimum cost water supply problems with a single management period, and then to a multiple management period problem. The strengths and limitations of the GA and SA based models are evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained using linear programming, nonlinear programming, and differential dynamic programming. For the three example problems examined in this study, the GA and SA based models yield nearly identical or better solutions than the various programming methods. While SA tends to outperform GA in terms of the number of forward simulations needed, it uses more empirical control parameters which have significant impact on solution efficiency but are difficult to determine.     

关于含低CODcr、高CL-稀土废水中CODcr的测定方法探讨

本文通过实验研究，提出用低铬法(0．0250mol/L)测定稀土废水中的CODCr，该方法测定结果和高铬法比较误差较小，准确度提高，并给出了低铬法测定稀土废水中CODCr时，HgSO4最佳使用量。     

Some questions about landscape modlling

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关于铜冶炼企业清洁生产主要途径的探讨

简要介绍了清洁生产的起源以及清洁生产的基本概念，并结合赤峰地区铜冶炼企业清洁生产工作的实际情况，提出了几条实现清洁生产的主要途径供参考，以促进铜冶炼企业的环境保护工作。     

内蒙古有机食品产业发展探讨

内蒙古有着独特的发展有机食品所应当具备的条件和资源,本文介绍了有机食品的概念及发展情况,对内蒙古有机食品产业的发展作出展望和探讨。