Linking on-farm dairy management practices to storm-flow fecal coliform loading for California coastal watersheds

How and where to improve water quality within an agricultural watershed requires data at a spatial scale that corresponds with individual management decision units on an agricultural operation. This is particularly true in the context of water quality regulations, such as Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), that identify agriculture as one source of non-point source pollution through larger tributary watershed scale and above and below water quality investigations. We have conducted a systems approach study of 10 coastal dairies and ranches to document fecal coliform concentration and loading to surface waters at the management decision unit scale. Water quality samples were collected on a storm event basis from loading units that included: manure management systems; gutters; storm drains; pastures; and corrals and lots. In addition, in-stream samples were collected above and below the dairy facilities and from a control watershed, managed for light grazing and without a dairy facility or human residence and corresponding septic system. Samples were analyzed for fecal coliform concentration by membrane filtration. Instantaneous discharge was measured for each collected sample. Storm runoff was also calculated using the curve number method (SCS, 1985). Results for a representative dairy as well as the entire 10 dairy data set are presented. Fecal coliform concentrations demonstrate high variability both within and between loading units. Fecal coliform concentrations for pastures range from 206 to 2,288,888 cfu/100 ml and for lots from 1,933 to 166,105,000 cfu/100 ml. Mean concentrations for pastures and lots are 121,298 (SE=62,222) and 3,155,584 (SE=1,902,713) cfu/100 ml, respectively. Fecal coliform load from units of concentrated animals and manure are significantly more than units such as pastures while storm flow amounts were significantly less. Compared with results from earlier tributary scale studies in the watershed, this systems approach has generatedwater quality data that is beneficial for management decisions because of its scale and representation of current management activities. These results are facilitating on-farm changes through the cooperative efforts of dairy managers, regulatory agency staff, and sources of technical and financial assistance.     

DISCUSSION ON REGION RESOURCE ADVANTAGE OF THE WEST CHINA AND APPROACHES OF ITS INDUSTRIALIZATION DEVELOPMENT

With 70 .82 %ofthetotallandarea ,2 7.6 7%ofthetotalpopulationandrelativelyabundantnaturalresources,thevastwestChinaisextremelyimportantinstrategies.HowtomanagetheeconomicdevelopmentinthewestChinarapidlyhasarousedgreatattentionsinallwalksoflife .Theimportantpoliciesandmethodsaremainlydependingonthelarge scaleex plorationofnaturalresourcesanddevelopmentofrelevantindustries.However ,themisunder standingoflarge scalemineralexplorationsinthewestwillleadtoanoldroadofviciouscircula tion .Becauseofth…     

Preparation of nanoparticles with an environment-friendly approach

Developing various approaches for preparing high performance materials has long been topics and tasks both for scientists and for engineers.Despite that many methods have been developed for preparing nanomaterials,developing simple and environment-friendly ways for preparing nanomaterials is very attractive.A simple approach of synthesizing Fe3O4 nanoparticles by arc-discharge submerging in water was reported.The results showed that by this method Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized in large scale.The as-prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit uniform spherical shape and their diameters varied with arc-discharging parameters.The experimental results showed that the size of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting the processing parameters.Since no vacuum system has been used,the synthesizing process is greatly simplified.In addition,only cheap deionized water and industrial iron bar are used and no pollution or harmful by-products are found in the synthesis process.It indicated that the present approach is a simple,low-cost and environment-friendly for preparing nanoparticles.     

排水管道噪声简易评价方法设计的研究

建筑排水管道产生的噪声是家庭噪声的主要来源之一,而目前的测定方法系统较复杂、测试时间又长,本文根据管道声学测量理论对排水管道噪声测定方法进行设计,旨在探寻一种排水管道噪声简易的评测方法,以提高实验测试效率,同时又可为排水管材降噪性能研究提供一种简便方法。     

Some questions about landscape modlling

ＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｏｎｅｂｙｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌａｕｎｃｈｇｉｖｅｎｂｙＯｄｕｍ (Ｏｄｕｍ ,1983) .Ｂｕｔｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｉｓｎｏｔｓｏｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔａｎｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙｉｓｓｏｙｏｕｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔｙｐｅｏｆｍｏｄｅｌｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｔｏｂｅｃｈｏｓｅｎｉｓｎｏｔａｌｗａｙｓｅｖｉｄｅｎｔ.Ａｆｉｒｓｔｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｉｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｍ…     

清洁生产和产品的生态设计

给出了清洁生产的定义：论述了开发和推广清洁产品的意义和为此所作的努力：归纳了产品生态设计的基本概念及其实施的主要途径。这些途径不是相互孤立的。而是相互关联与补充的，其中最主要的是要满足产品设计的环境准则，即要在产品的生命周期中体现污染预防的思想。     

城市富营养化湖泊立体修复系统研究

提出对城市富营养化湖泊进行全方位、多途径的综合治理思路——富营养化湖泊立体修复系统。详细介绍了富营养化湖泊立体修复系统的含义、组成部分及实施步骤。通过实践表明该思路在理论上是合理、可行的。具有投资少、回报大、效果好、不产生二次污染、能带来社会、经济效益等优点,是一种值得推行的城市富营养化湖泊治理思路。治理城市富营养化湖泊是一个长期的过程,需要政府的支持和全民的参与。对城市富营养化湖泊的治理,使得湖泊逐渐恢复生态活力,实现城市湖泊区人与自然的协调发展。同时,引入各方面（地产、环保、能源、园林、旅游）资金的城市湖泊修复建设也为环保企业及产业的发展提供了新的途径。     

氟化工行业循环经济模式构建研究

氟化工是化工行业中发展最快、最具高新技术和最有前景的行业之一。如何使该行业持续健康发展,走循环经济是其根本出路。文章中论述了氟化工企业目前存在的主要问题,提出了氟化工企业实施循环经济的基本途径,并以青海某氟化工企业为实例,论述了该氟化工企业从延长产业链、采用清洁生产工艺、能源回收利用、水资源利用、固废资源综合利用、工艺尾气资源利用等方面构建循环经济模式,为同类型氟化工企业循环经济建设提供参考。     

对生态系统服务功能价值评估中相关问题的探讨

人类受益于生态系统的服务功能,为直观地认识生态系统服务功能的重要性,需要应用经济学的计量方法对其价值进行量化。概括介绍了生态系统服务功能的相关概念。着重对生态系统服务功能价值评估的几种方法,包括:市场价值法、替代市场法和假想市场法。对此方面研究中现存的几点问题和城市中的生态系统服务功能的发挥进行探讨,最后简要总结生态系统服务功能对于可持续发展的重要意义。     

城市污水再生利用途径分析与利用量预测

水资源匮乏与水环境污染是制约经济社会发展的主要瓶颈,提高城市污水资源化水平是解决这一问题的重要途径.文章结合〈城市污水再生利用分类标准〉（GB/T 18919-2002）,深入分析包头市城市污水处理与再生利用现状及存在问题,提出包头市再生水近期应主要回用于城市杂用、工业和景观用水,再生水回用率可达到50%以上,为解决城市污水再生利用提供参考.