河北省环渤海地区可持续发展中水环境约束与对策

河北省环渤海地区是河北省对外开放的前沿,本文分析了其可持续发展过程中水资源短缺、水质污染及过量开采水资源导致的地面沉降等相关问题并提出了相应对策。     

总硬度的测量不确定度评定

通过对总硬度浓度的测定过程分析,找出影响结果的各个分量,进行测量不确定度的评定,按照计量技术规范,给出标准的表示法。     

2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚固相萃取光度法测定镉的研究

研究了用2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)固相萃取光度法测定镉,在pH=8 0的硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,QAMDHB与镉反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,体系最大吸收波长为520nm,摩尔吸光系数 =5 18×104L·mol-1·cm-1。样品中的镉用强阴离子交换固相萃取柱固相萃取预分离和富集后,用该方法测定,结果令人满意。     

Fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011)

The Great East Japan Earthquake (magnitude 9.0 Mw: the moment magnitude scale, based on the seismic moment of the earthquake) occurred at 14:46, March 11, 2011. It triggered huge tsunami waves (seismic sea waves) that reached heights of up to about 20 m. In this paper, the fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake are reported shortly. Some fires occurred in seacoast areas after tsunami attacks and some of them were spreading very widely to the tsunami flooded areas. It is important to study the mechanisms of such fires (tsunami fires) for preparing huge tsunami. After the earthquake, a very severe accident happened in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Three reactors experienced full meltdown. During this disaster, hydrogen explosions occurred and made the situation more serious. It has to be realized once again that the countermeasures for hydrogen explosions is indispensable. Also Large scale BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions) happened at LPG storage area in an oil refinery in Chiba Prefecture. This accident started from the falling down of an LPG storage tank by earthquake motions. The tank was heavier than usual, as it was filled with water (1.7 times heavier than LPG) for periodic inspection. Considering these disasters, we have to think about how we prepare the accident of low probability and of very severe consequence. Recently, the risk based approach is widely utilized. However, for such disasters it seems not enough to perform safety management only by risk based approach. Not only probabilistic approach (Risk), but also deterministic approach (Emergency plan, Mitigation technique) should be taken in account.     

某金矿选矿厂粉尘回收的环境经济效益分析

针对某金矿选矿厂破碎筛分粉尘污染,采用袋式除尘技术,优化管道系统,不但实现了现场粉尘污染的有效控制和烟气达标排放,还回收有价金属粉尘并予以利用。项目的实施取得了良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。项目年回收有价金属粉尘263．76 t ,直接经济效益21．1万元／a;通过人力资本法测算,项目实施产生的间接经济效益约为118．38万元。     

Risk assessment: an approach to control hazards in mines

Accidents and injuries related to work are major occupational health problems in most of the industrialized countries.Traditional approaches to manage workplace safety in mines have mainly focused on job redesign and technical aspects of engineering systems.It is being realized that compliance to rules and regulations of mines is a prerequisite;however,it is not sufficient to achieve further reduction in accident and injury rates in mines.Proactive approaches are necessary to further improve the safety standards in mines.Unsafe conditions and practices in mines lead to a number of accidents,which in turn may cause loss and injury to human lives,damages to property,and loss of production.Hazard identification and risk assessment is an important task for the mining industry which needs to consider all the risk factors at workplaces.Applications of risk management approaches in mines are necessary to identify and quantify potential hazards and to suggest effective solutions.In this paper,the following risk estimation techniques were discussed:(i)DGMS(Directorate General of Mines Safety,India)risk rating criterion,and(ii)a matrix based approach.The proposed tools were demonstrated through an application in an opencast coal mine in India.It was inferred that the risk assessment approach can be used as an effective tool to indentify and control hazards in mines.     

Carbon sequestration in Taiwan harvested wood products

This study, with FAOSTAT and Taiwan data sources, estimates Taiwan carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in harvested wood products (HWP) by applying the three accounting methods suggested by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The investigation also explores impulse responses of CO₂ emissions to economic factors. Results from FAOSTAT and Taiwan data demonstrate an inconsistent production approach (PA) in the signs of the estimated CO₂ emissions. Average contributions of HWP from 1990 to 2008 for the stock change approach (SCA), PA and atmospheric flow approach (AFA) in Taiwan are ?3.195 Tg, 0.412 Tg and 10.632 Tg CO₂ emissions, respectively. SCA has determined the Taiwan HWP as a carbon reservoir; in contrast, PA and AFA have determined Taiwan HWP as a CO₂ emission. The net forest products imports into Taiwan induce the inconsistent signs of HWP carbon sequestration among SCA, PA and AFA. The vector autoregressive model (VAR) results also indicate that real GDP per capita is crucial for SCA CO₂ emissions, followed by exchange rate.     

Methodological integration for sustainable natural resource management beyond field/farm level: lessons from the ecoregional initiative for the humid and sub-humid tropics of Asia

SUMMARY

Integrated natural resources management (INRM) has to address both the livelihood goals of farmers and the ecological sustainability of agroecosystems and natural resources. Under the Ecoregional Initiative for the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Asia — Ecor(1)Asia — one major set of activities has been the development of approaches, methodologies, and tools to meet the challenges of INRM research for sustainable agricultural development. Examples provided illustrate the role of these methodologies in the three main phases of knowledge development for improving INRM impact: knowledge generation, knowledge capitalization, and knowledge mobilization. The methodologies are designed for better integration across disciplines, spatial scales, and hierarchical levels of social organization. Attempts are made to quantify trade-offs between biophysical sustainability and socio-economic considerations. The case is made for using these methodologies in a more complementary manner to help bridge the topdown and bottom-up approaches in INRM. Inherent in the developing and implementing of these methodologies is the forging of partnerships and fostering linkages with multiple stakeholders, as well as using the knowledge base and integrative tools as communication platforms.     

关于自然资源核算的研究进展与争议问题

十八届三中全会提出要探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计.自然资源核算是编制自然资源资产负债表的首要工作,为了促进生态文明建设,建立我国自然资源资产负债表制度,也需要对自然资源进行科学的核算.论文从核算项目分类,理论方法和实践应用三个方面综述了国内外自然资源核算的研究进展,力图厘清国内外自然资源核算研究的共识与争议问题.西方国家资源核算研究起步较早,在理论方法和实际应用方面已取得了丰富的成果.与之相比,我国的研究还主要集中在理论分析层面,自然资源的核算方法多是沿用国外的估价模型,缺乏创新.目前,国内外普遍按照先实物量再价值量,先存量再流量,先分类再综合的原则进行自然资源核算研究.但是,各国的核心项目分类尚未统一,自然资源估价方法的选择还存在争议.在实践方面,联合国等五大机构联合发布的SEEA受到世界各国的广泛追捧,很多国家开始在此基础上探索本国的资源核算体系.通过比较分析国内外的研究进展和共识问题,论文提出了我国自然资源资产负债表编制需要解决的问题,包括确定核算项目,选择估价方法,分步推进自然资源核算和自然资源核算与自然资源资产负债表的衔接.这些问题的解决思路主要从四个方面展开:选择可控或拥有的,产权明晰的自然资源作为核算项目,充分考虑资源要素的经济,生态和社会价值选择估价方法,优先建立单项资源的区域自然资源核算体系,结合各方力量设计我国统一的自然资源核算标准.根据上述思路,开展自然资源核算研究,将资源环境核算纳入国民经济核算,构建自然资源核算框架体系,是编制我国自然资源资产负债表的一项重要内容,对顺利开展生态文明建设具有重要意义.     

基于TASCC的典型农田溪流氨氮滞留及吸收动力学模拟

为揭示农田溪流氨氮滞留的动态变化性,选择NaCl为保守示踪剂、NH4Cl为添加营养盐开展野外瞬时投加示踪实验.在此基础上,采用TASCC方法和养分螺旋指标定量刻画 滞留动态,并以Michaelis-Menten模型(M-M方程)模拟 吸收动力学特性.结果表明:背景浓度的 吸收长度Sw-amb变化范围为93.94~295.54m,平均值为177.41m;质量传输系数Vf-amb变化范围为0.16~0.38mm/s,平均值为0.26mm/s;吸收速率Uamb变化范围为0.16~0.38mg/(m2×s),平均值为0.26mg/(m2×s).由M-M方程模拟得到的 最大吸收速率Umax为0.59~1.38mg/(m2×s),半饱和常数Km为1.10~5.03mg/L. 在从背景浓度到饱和浓度区间范围内展现出的Sw-add-dyn、Utot-dyn和Vf-tot-dyn动态变化性,验证了TASCC解析 滞留动态和吸收动力学特征的可行性和有效性.