Natural attenuation characteristics and comprehensive toxicity changes of C9 aromatics under simulated marine conditions

Microcosmic experiments were performed under a simulated marine environment to investigate the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics using nine components (propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and indene). This research aims to assess the contribution of biodegradation and abiotic activity to total attenuation of C9 aromatics and ascertain the changes in the comprehensive toxicity of seawater in the natural environment. The process of natural attenuation indicates the agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics for all nine components in microcosmic experiments. The half-lives of the nine main compounds in C9 aromatics ranged between 0.34 day and 0.44 day under optimal conditions. The experiments showed that the natural attenuation of nine aromatic hydrocarbons mainly occurred via abiotic processes. Seawater samples significantly inhibited the luminescence of P. phosphoreum (the luminescence inhibition ratio reached 100%) at the beginning of the experiment. In addition, the toxicity declined slowly and continued for 25 days. The attenuation kinetics and changes in toxicity could be applied to explore the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment.     

炭化压力对编织C/C复合材料致密过程及结构的影响

目的研究不同炭化压力环境对C/C复合材料致密过程及结构的影响。方法通过浸渍/高压炭化工艺在不同炭化压力下制备高温煤沥青炭块及沥青基C/C复合材料,并研究不同炭化压力环境下对其密度和孔隙的影响。结果制备沥青炭的炭化压力由20 MPa增大至60 MPa时,沥青炭体积密度由1.08 g/cm~3增加至1.39g/cm~3,质量比表面积由14.74增加至16.51,开孔率由26.73减少至7.94,孔隙填充效果明显改善,浸渍-炭化的增密效率得到提升。结论在编织C/C材料的致密过程中,压力越大,其孔隙越小,分布越均匀,故产品致密效果越好。     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

Neighborhood form and CO2 emission: evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.     

Spatially distributed modeling of the long-term carbon balance of a boreal landscape

Spatially and temporally distributed information on the sizes of biomass carbon (C) pools (BCPs) and soil C pools (SCPs) is vital for improving our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere C fluxes. Because the sizes of C pools result from the integrated effects of primary production, age-effects, changes in climate, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, N deposition, and disturbances, a modeling scheme that interactively considers these processes is important. We used the InTEC model, driven by various spatio-temporal datasets to simulate the long-term C-balance in a boreal landscape in eastern Canada. Our results suggested that in this boreal landscape, mature coniferous stands had stabilized their productivity and fluctuated as a weak C-sink or C-source depending on the interannual variations in hydrometeorological factors. Disturbed deciduous stands were larger C-sinks (NEP₂₀₀₄ = 150 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹) than undisturbed coniferous stands (e.g. NEP₂₀₀₄ = 8 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹). Wetlands had lower NPP but showed temporally consistent C accumulation patterns. The simulated spatio-temporal patterns of BCPs and SCPs were unique and reflected the integrated effects of climate, plant growth and atmospheric chemistry besides the inherent properties of the C pool themselves. The simulated BCPs and SCPs generally compared well with the biometric estimates (BCPs: r = 0.86, SCPs: r = 0.84). The largest BCP biases were found in recently disturbed stands and the largest SCP biases were seen in locations where moss necro-masses were abundant. Reconstructing C pools and C fluxes in the ecosystem in such a spatio-temporal manner could help reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of terrestrial C-cycle.     

基于STC12C5410AD的电铃无线控制系统

针对传统电铃采用单一作息时间表进行专线控制的缺点,设计了一种能无线控制、又能同时存储多个作息时间表的电铃控制系统．该系统用无线代替专线,存储有多个时间表,在季节变更时通过控制器自动变换表,解决了传统电铃控制系统中的专线成本高、维修难、季节变换需要人工改表的问题．图5,表2,参4．     

缓释碳源生态基质对低碳氮比河水脱氮效果研究

通过缓释碳源生态基质颗粒脱氮效果实验,比较了缓释碳源生态基质颗粒填料柱与普通砾石填料柱对各种形态氮的去除效果.结果发现,装填生态基质颗粒的实验组出水NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为90.60%、90.32%和63.66%,明显高于对照组-16.39%、-1.51%和25.06%的去除率,说明缓释碳源生态基质可显著增强反硝化作用强度,提高TN去除率.高通量分析结果表明,生态基质组相对丰度超过1%的菌属数量高于对照组,其中,反硝化菌属相对丰度达到30%以上,生态基质释放的纤维素碳源有利于异养反硝化微生物的生长繁殖,使反应器内的微生物群落结构发生显著改变,提高了脱氮效率.     

浅议“环境试验设备技术条件”新标准

2006年至2008年,89版“环境试验设备技术条件”相继修订发布。本文着重阐述了“环境试验设备技术条件”新旧标准的变化及其与GB／T5170的关系。     

猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征与堆肥周期探讨

将猪粪与秸秆以7：1（质量比,以鲜重计）的比例,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行高温堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征及其腐熟时间.同时,在堆制的23d中,根据堆温变化采样6次,分析了堆肥样品中各种氮素和碳素含量及其它性质的变化情况.结果表明：堆肥结束时,硝态氮含量增加了103.0%,铵态氮、有机氮、总氮含量分...     

~(14)C在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用及进展

深刻理解陆地生态系统碳循环有助于提高未来气候预测的准确性。~(14)C是陆地生态系统碳循环研究中广泛应用的重要工具,本文对~(14)C在土壤有机碳周转时间和平均停留时间的评估、陆地生态系统释放CO_2的源解析、河流有机碳的源解析及陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化和土地利用的响应等四个方面的应用及进展进行了细致的介绍,最后展望了~(14)C应用于陆地碳循环研究发展趋势,并对国内相关研究的开展提出了几点建议。