人工浮床栽培7种植物在富营养化水体中的生长特性研究

本研究利用人工浮床在富营养化水体栽培了7种植物,成活率都在70%以上,2个月的生长期内生物的生长量都超过20kg鲜重/m2.浮床栽培芦苇的净化效果最好,每平方米的芦苇浮床可以使117.93 m3的水从V类水质净化为Ⅲ类水质(以总磷计),其次分别为荻、水稻、蕹菜、牛筋草、香蒲和美人蕉.对蕹菜和水稻植株的检测表明,分别作为蔬菜和青饲料完全符合国家有关卫生标准.     

嘉兴农村不同土地利用方式下沟渠底泥中的氮磷形态分布特征

沟渠是农田氮、磷营养物质排入地表水体的通道. 对嘉兴大田、集约化菜地、集约化果园、集约化养殖场4种土地利用方式下的农村沟渠0～5 cm表层底泥氮、磷的形态分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:67个沟渠底泥样品的w(全氮)为1 560～7 480 mg/kg,其中w(交换态氮)为31.15～704.38 mg/kg,占w(全氮)的1.29%～10.01%;交换态氮中以铵态氮为主,占w(交换态氮)的62.15%～100%. 沟渠底泥样品的w(全磷)为580～6 420 mg/kg,w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)为19.53～359.72 mg/kg,占w(全磷)的2.05%～18.96%;w(水溶性磷)为0.29～18.88 mg/kg,占w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的1.11%～14.63%. 土地利用方式对沟渠底泥氮、磷的形态分布有显著影响(P<0.01),集约化养殖场沟渠底泥中的w(全氮), w(交换态氮),w(铵态氮), w(硝态氮), w(交换态氮)/w(全氮), w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)均显著高于其他土地利用方式. 底泥w(全氮), w(交换态氮), w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)两两间以及w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)两两间均在α0.01时显著相关,w(全磷)与w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的相关性(r0.81,P<0.01)好于与w(水溶性磷)的相关性(r0.51,P<0.01).      

海南新村湾海菖蒲TN和TP含量时空变化及其对营养负荷的响应

以海南新村湾海草床优势种之一的海菖蒲(Enhalus acoroides)为研究对象,于2005年7月、10月和2006年1月,分3个季度对网箱养殖区、中间过渡区和对照区海菖蒲不同组织的TN、TP含量的时空变化特征进行了研究,初步探讨了其对营养负荷的响应。结果表明:(1)新村湾海水和沉积物间隙水DIN含量,呈现出网箱养殖区中间过渡区对照区的显著趋势。(2)海菖蒲根、茎和叶在3个季度中的TN含量范围分别为:0.576%~1.544%、0.803%~2.480%和1.796%~3.200%;TP含量分别为:0.053%~0.175%、0.073%~0.197%和0.183%~0.413%。(3)海菖蒲不同组织TN、TP含量,均显示叶茎根的显著趋势;海菖蒲不同组织TN含量呈现秋、冬季夏季的趋势,TP含量随季节变化趋势各有不同。(4)海菖蒲根和叶的TN含量,有由网箱养殖区向对照区递减的趋势,与其所在样区海水和沉积物间隙水DIN含量呈显著正相关;海菖蒲TP含量,普遍显示出网箱养殖区比中间过渡区和对照区显著大的趋势,但与海水和间隙水PO4-P的含量没有明显的关系。(5)N/P计算结果表明,新村湾海菖蒲的生长主要受N的限制。     

微生物发酵产物中溶藻物质的提取方法

微生物溶藻是藻类水华控制的研究热点,但目前仍缺乏去除微生物发酵产物中营养物质的方法学研究,对野外水体采集的微囊藻的溶藻活性研究也较少见。比较了不同极性溶剂对溶藻物质的固液萃取效率,研究了分子筛层析对溶藻物质的纯化效果,并测定了各提纯步骤的中间产物对野外水体采集的铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效果。结果表明,在溶藻活性基本保持稳定的前提下,固液萃取串联分子筛层析技术对TOC、TN和TP的总去除率平均高达97%,其中,固液萃取的分级去除率平均高达90%,而分子筛层析的分级去除率平均为70%,且分子筛层析后的产物对野外水体采集的铜绿微囊藻的去除率稳定在60%左右。结果说明,固液萃取与分子筛层析技术可以作为溶藻物质工业化提取与实验室纯化的重要方法。     

淀山湖沉水植物死亡分解过程中营养物质的释放

测定了上海淀山湖5种常见沉水植物的营养成分含量及其死亡后在好氧(DO>3.5 mg/L)或低氧(DO<3.5 mg/L)状态下分解释放TN、TP和有机物(以高锰酸盐指数计,下同)等营养物质的动态过程,并对营养物质释放强度与营养成分含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明, 5种沉水植物中,金鱼藻的TN和TP含量最高,质量分数分别为(4.07±0.22)%和(0.99±0.09)%;好氧状态下TN和有机物的释放强度大于低氧状态,两种状态下TP的释放强度没有显著差异;TP的释放比TN快,一般需10 d左右,而TN和有机物的释放分别需要29 d和20 d左右;在好氧状态下,NO-2-N、NO-3-N和可溶性总磷酸盐的平均释放强度与植物TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),NH 4-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05);在低氧状态下,NO-2-N的平均释放强度与植物TN含量、NO-3-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05);有机物的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

水质总磷总氮在线自动监测技术的研究

通过优化国内外水质总氮总磷的手工和自动监测方法及设计参数,研究了基于紫外催化-过硫酸钾氧化分光光度法的在线监测技术,设计了紫外线加强氧化-消解反应器和20通道自动校准与自动进样集成控制系统。该技术与国家标准监测方法相比大大提高了总磷总氮氧化率和消解速度,实现了在较低温度和常压条件下水质总磷总氮的快速、安全和稳定的在线自动监测,具备了良好的市场推广应用前景。     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

微波联合消解流动注射光度法测定水中总氮和总磷

利用微波联合消解水样,采用流动注射分析技术,建立了在线测定水中总氮和总磷的快速分析方法.优化了试验条件,在线性范围内,总氮和总磷的工作曲线线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.03 mg/L和0.01 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%和1.2%,加标回收率分别为96.7%～103%和98.8%～102%.     

博斯腾湖富营养化状态水平调查

通过水质特征和生物学特征的一个水文年规范化实地调查,采用Scirgesew参数分类标准和相关加权综合营养状态指数,对博斯腾湖水体富营养化状态水平进行了调查和评价。