淀山湖水质富营养化和微囊藻毒素污染水平

研究淀山湖不同季节水体中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、pH、水温、透明度(SD)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量和优势藻种等富营养化相关指标;在培养条件下,研究不同温度、光照、氮磷浓度对铜绿微囊藻的生长及微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)产生的影响;研究藻细胞密度和微囊藻毒素LR浓度的相关关系.结果表明:淀山湖水质已呈富营养化状态,春末和夏季水质和水文条件适合藻类生长.湖水TN和TP年平均值分别达1.93mg/L和0.18mg/L,TN和TP的年超标率达93.5%和92.2%.TP的高峰期比施肥的高峰期延迟出现约一个月,说明沿湖农业对富营养化指标的影响较大.淀山湖常年生长的藻类分别是蓝绿藻、硅藻、隐藻和裸藻等,夏季水华中可见污染指示藻如微囊藻、鱼腥藻和针杆藻等产毒藻.培养条件下,铜绿微囊藻在25℃和3000lx时生长最快,但产毒量却分别在20℃和5000lx时达到最大值;合适其生长和产毒的氮、磷浓度分别为650μmol/L和6.5μmol/L.现场和实验室条件下,均发现磷为藻类生长的限制因子,微囊藻毒素-LR浓度与藻细胞密度或铜绿微囊藻细胞密度之间存在正相关关系,提示可以用藻细胞密度来估算水中毒素的浓度.     

淀山湖沉水植物死亡分解过程中营养物质的释放

测定了上海淀山湖5种常见沉水植物的营养成分含量及其死亡后在好氧(DO>3.5 mg/L)或低氧(DO<3.5 mg/L)状态下分解释放TN、TP和有机物(以高锰酸盐指数计,下同)等营养物质的动态过程,并对营养物质释放强度与营养成分含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明, 5种沉水植物中,金鱼藻的TN和TP含量最高,质量分数分别为(4.07±0.22)%和(0.99±0.09)%;好氧状态下TN和有机物的释放强度大于低氧状态,两种状态下TP的释放强度没有显著差异;TP的释放比TN快,一般需10 d左右,而TN和有机物的释放分别需要29 d和20 d左右;在好氧状态下,NO-2-N、NO-3-N和可溶性总磷酸盐的平均释放强度与植物TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),NH 4-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05);在低氧状态下,NO-2-N的平均释放强度与植物TN含量、NO-3-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05);有机物的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).     

Phosphorus Load Reduction Goals for Feitsui Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan

The present paper describes an effort for developing the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for phosphorus and a load reduction strategy for the Feitsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan. BASINS model was employed to estimate watershed pollutant loads from nonpoint sources (NPS) in the Feitsui Reservoir watershed. The BASINS model was calibrated using field data collected during a 2-year sampling period and then used to compute watershed pollutant loadings into the Feitsui Reservoir. The simulated results indicate that the average annual total phosphorus (TP) loading into the reservoir is 18,910 kg/year, which consists of non-point source loading of 16,003 kg/year, and point source loading of 2,907 kg/year. The Vollenweider mass balance model was used next to determine the degree of eutrophication under current pollutant loading and the load reduction needed to keep the reservoir from being eutrophic. It was estimated that Feitsui Reservoir can becoming of the oligotrophic state if the average annual TP loading is reduced by 37% or more. The results provide the basis on which an integrated control action plan for both point and nonpoint sources of pollution in the watershed can be developed.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

废水中磷的监测和处理

本文介绍了钼锑抗光度法测定污水中总磷在实际应用中应该注意的问题，并介绍了不同类型污水处理设施的除磷效率。则结果证明，常规二级污水处理工艺对总磷的去除率只能达到４０－５０％左右，迄今，化学混凝与生物过程一体化的处理系统可能是除灰最经济有效的办法。     

太湖流域典型水体中总氮、总磷及COD含量变化研究

在太湖流域西部的太湖与漏湖间的区域内，选择了25个监测点，对6种典型水体中TN，TP及COD含量进行了为期1年的动态监测。结果表明，6种水体枯水期TN，TP平均含量都远高于丰水期和平水期含量．枯水期TN含量较高的水体为湖水、入湖河流及畜禽养殖厂周围水体，TP含量较高的水体为居民生活区及畜禽养殖厂周围水体。各水文期不同水体COD平均舍量排序为；枯水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场及居民生活区周围水体；丰水期COD含量较高的水体为湖水和农田及居民生活区周围水体；平水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场周围水体。     

氯化亚锡还原光度法测定总磷的方法改进

采用氯化亚锡还原光度法测定总磷时,氯化亚锡深液需要一周后重新配制,以甘油作为氯化亚锡溶液的介质时,其使用时间可以不受限制。此法具有节省试剂、省时等优点。     

太湖表层沉积物中多磷酸盐检出的环境意义

在氮限制型富营养化湖泊中,沉积多磷酸盐(Poly-P)可以用来示踪营养盐磷的输入和湖泊的富营养化过程。太湖是一个典型的磷限制型富营养化湖泊,通过对太湖表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氢氧化钠可提取磷(NaOH-P)以及Poly-P的提取分析,初步探讨了太湖营养盐磷输入的历史记录,并揭示了该湖Poly-P的主要来源和保存机制。太湖Poly-P的质量浓度较低,变化范围为0.004~0.065mg·g-1。NaOH-P占TP组成的22%,是太湖沉积物总磷的主要组成部分之一。结果显示,在湖泊水体藻类生物量较大和NaOH-P是沉积物TP重要组成部分的磷限制型湖泊中,Poly-P也是沉积物磷汇组成的一个重要部分,同时还是一个可以反映由人为磷输入增大导致湖泊富营养化程度加剧的敏感指标。     

河道滞留塘系统对污染河水中氮磷的去除特性

河道滞留塘系统是一项适用于中小型污染河流净化的生态技术,目前我国部分中小型河流污染严重,研究河道滞留塘系统对河流污染物的去除特性具有现实意义,但目前尚缺乏系统深入的研究。该研究对实际污染河水进行了一年现场试验研究,通过改变水力停留时间,考察了不同季节、不同河水水质条件下河道滞留塘系统对河水中氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)的净化效果。结果表明,河道滞留塘系统主要通过颗粒物的重力沉降作用净化河水中的总磷(TP)。在该研究条件下,TP去除率接近30%,去除速率为0.01～0.02 g.h-1.m-2。TP去除速率约为0.003倍的SS去除速率,两者间有较好的相关关系,因此可通过测定滞留塘SS去除速率来预测TP去除速率。但滞留塘系统对NH3-N无显著去除能力。     

大伙房水库水体氮、磷污染分析

分析了大伙房水库水体中氮、磷污染物来源及份额，结果表明：1992～2005年均入库总氮、总磷量分别为1731t和84t，总氮、总磷主要水库上游的的种植业、养殖业、林业和生活污水。