Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China

Concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM(10) in Lanzhou China have been kept high for the past two decades. Data collected during the intensive observational period from October 1999 to April 2001 show high TSP and PM(10) concentrations. Starting from November, the PM(10) pollution intensifies, and reaches mid to high alert level of air pollution, continues until April next year, and is at low alert level in the summer. In the winter and spring, the TSP concentration is 2-10 times higher than the third-level criterion of air quality (severe pollution). Effects of intrinsic factors (sources of pollution) and remote preconditions (propagation of dust storms) for severe PM(10) and TSP pollution in Lanzhou are analyzed.     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子研究:季节分布特征

为了全面了解当前青岛地区大气气溶胶中水溶性组分的特征及来源,于2008年1～12月在青岛市区连续采集了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,运用离子色谱法对其主要的水溶性阴阳离子进行了分析.结果表明,SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-是TSP中水溶性离子的主要成分,四者质量浓度之和占总水溶性离子质量浓度的86.9%.TSP及其水溶性组分存在明显的季节变化,其来源也存在多源性.Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、F-、Mg2+均为冬季最高,夏季最低,K+、PO34-为秋季最高,夏季最低,Cl-为冬季最高,秋季最低,NO3-则为春季最高,夏季最低,而SO24-为春季最高,秋季最低.不同天气对颗粒物和气溶胶中水溶性离子影响很大.颗粒物浓度在晴天时最低,其次是雾天,再次是烟雾和霾,沙尘天气下质量浓度最高.Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-和PO34-在烟雾天气下的平均浓度最高,而NH4+、K+、NO3-和SO24-则是在霾天气下质量浓度最高.     

中国北方地面起尘总量分布

使用美国环保局 (USEPA)的两个公式计算了中国北方地面起尘速率 (起尘因子 )的分布 ,为此首先对中国土壤学和气候学的有关参数作了相应的处理 .计算结果表明 ,在中国北方 ,起尘因子自东向西逐渐增大 ,其幅度达 5个数量级 .塔克拉玛干大沙漠和内蒙古高原西部的大戈壁是两个强排放源地 ,而其最大值在塔克拉玛干大沙漠的中心 :其中PM50 (直径小于 5 0μm的颗粒物 )的起尘速率为 1.8(t/(ha·a) ) ,PM3 0 (直径小于 30 μm的颗粒物 )的起尘速率为 1.5 (t/(ha·a) ) .计算得中国北方地面尘排放总量为 :43× 10 6t/a(PM50 )及 2 5× 10 6t/a(PM3 0 ) .计算还表明 ,春季是起尘最严重的季节 ,起尘量占全年起尘量的一半以上 .     

Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees: Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs

This paper reviews the various lines of evidence that support the hypothesis that above-ground plant parts remove particulates from the atmosphere. Some scanning electron microscope observations of the particulate burden on leaves of London planetree are discussed. The authors present an outline of the kinds of research required to support or reject the hypothesis that urban woody plants are important air filters.     

青岛市大气颗粒物中多氯联苯的污染特征研究

采集2005年1月至12月的大气颗粒物样品,对青岛大气颗粒物中多氯联苯（PCBs）的浓度、组成和时间变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,大气颗粒物中∑7PCBs的含量范围为5．22—8．58pg／m3,月平均值为7．32pg／m3,浓度季节变化不明显。只有PCB28和PCB52两种单体的浓度随温度或气候的变化相对变化较明显,并且大气颗粒物中的PCBs表现出明显的三氯、四氯优势,随着取代氯原子数从3升高至7,同族体比例呈现逐渐降低的趋势。结合PCBs的污染特征进行分析,推断其污染来源除了大气的远距离运移外,主要是存在于本研究区域。     

泸州市环境空气质量状况及评价

根据泸州市１９９４年－１９９８年环境大气监测数据,对全市环境大气质量,状况进行分析和评价。     

TSP203隧道地震预报系统在拱坝隧道围岩稳定性超前预报中的应用

以上(海)瑞(丽)高速公路湖南境内邵(阳)-怀(化)段拱坝隧道掘进中掌子面前方岩体结构的超前预报为例,介绍了TSP203地球物理探测新方法,预报了该隧道右线YK91+163-YK91+080段的围岩由于节理发育,且地表水与节理裂隙贯通性较好,因此稳定性较差,在施工中将很易造成坍塌,应按Ⅱ类围岩支护;在YK91+080-YK91+045段围岩稳定性较好,可视具体情况变更支护方案;YK91+031-YK91+013段,可能存在层间破碎带或软弱夹层,在施工过程中需要加强支护。通过探测保证了及时、详细、准确地了解开挖掌子面前方的岩体结构情况,为施工单位合理安排施工作业进度、保障施工人员生命安全、减少工程隐患提供了科学依据。     

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物是造成全球大部分城市空气污染严重的原因之一,世界各国对之已进行过很多的研究。大量的研究显示,总悬浮颗粒物的污染非常严重,是影响城市空气质量的首要污染物。总悬浮颗粒物的源以人为来源为主,其汇则以湿沉降为主。总悬浮颗粒物对城市气候的影响主要通过2种方式:一种是通过散射或吸收太阳辐射直接影响气候;另一种是以云凝结核的形式改变云的光学特性和云的分布而间接影响气候。但是总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛相互关系的研究目前还未受到应有的关注,总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互作用尚未有定论,总悬浮颗粒物既有促进城市热岛形成,也有促进城市冷岛形成的研究报道。文章认为可从如下3个方面探讨总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系:(1)总悬浮颗粒物在城市热岛中的贡献;(2)总悬浮颗粒物影响城市热岛的作用机理;(3)总悬浮颗粒物与城市植被和城市热岛的相互关系及植被对总悬浮颗粒物的净化、对城市热岛的缓解。研究总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系为制定科学合理的城市大气总悬浮颗粒物污染防治措施,有效缓解现代城市热岛难题提供理论依据。     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征

采用索氏提取法提取2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品和气相样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs),利用GC/MS分析其质量浓度,对PAHs在颗粒相和气相间的分配行为进行研究。结果表明,2环组分在气相PAHs中占优势地位,全年平均在95%左右;4环组分在颗粒相PAHs中全年平均占56%左右;5~6环组分几乎全部分布在颗粒相中。引入苯并[a]芘等当量毒性因子(TEFs),探讨致癌毒性组分在2相间的分配行为,研究发现低毒高质量浓度的低环组分与高毒低质量浓度的高环组分对致癌性贡献相当;利用苯并[a]芘等效质量浓度与16种PAHs组分质量浓度进行多元线性回归,得到的回归方程用于粗略计算大气中PAHs致癌性组分的等效质量浓度;在分析PAHs分配行为的季节变化规律基础上,结合气象参数和空气污染指数分析PAHs在大气气相和颗粒相中分配系数的影响因素,并提出了分配系数与气象参数和API指数的回归方程,并利用回归方程来计算PAHs组分在大气中的分配系数。     

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Meteorological and Air Pollution Data in the ‘Campo De Gibraltar’ Region, Spain

A complete statistical analysis of meteorological and air pollution data was carried out in the ‘Campo de Gibraltar’ region (in the South of Spain) from 1999 to 2002. This is a heavy industrialized area where, up to date, very few air pollution studies have been made. The main objectives of the study presented here have been the characterization of the meteorological and (gaseous and particulate) air pollution conditions in the area, and the relations between them. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), have been applied to the data. The results show that air quality in the area is highly dependent on meteorological conditions such as wind persistence and direction, dispersion capability of the atmosphere, and humidity content. On average, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide air pollution, mainly caused by fuel-oil combustion and traffic, respectively, is not very high. However, an important number of exceedences of the limits established by the EU Directive 1999 for PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm) have been observed in some points of the area. A significant percentage of these exceedences (about 22% on average) are likely caused by African dust intrusions, which usually take place from May to August. From gaseous and particulate air correlations, it seems that anthropogenic activities contribute with about 19% on average.