MANAGEMENT AND POLICY EFFECTS ON POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM DAIRY WASTE1

ABSTRACT: A combined economic and water quality modeling framework was used to evaluate impacts of alternative policies and management practices on reducing nitrate movement to groundwater for dairy farms in Rockingham County, Virginia. The analysis considers three on-farm manure storage options, cost-sharing programs for purchasing manure storage facilities, restrictions on nitrogen application rates, and a tax on commercial fertilizer. The CREAMS model was used to estimate nitrate leaching from the crop root zone for various nutrient (and manure) management practices, based on timing and rate of manure and fertilizer applications. The mixed-integer programming economic model considers water quality, policy, and economic constraints in comparing the profitability of alternative cropping and nutrient management systems that reduce groundwater contamination potential. The study provides both the environmental and economic effects of better management of dairy waste.     

Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed

There is increasing concern about the exposure to fungal aerosols in occupational environments and associated respiratory allergic diseases and asthma. A large number of people work in cattle sheds around the world, pulmonary function impairments and higher frequency of respiratory symptoms have been reported in dairy farmers; however, it appears that adequate information on the fungal aerosols from the cattle sheds are largely lacking. Volumetric assessment of airborne culturable and nonculturable fungal spores was performed in two sections of a large rural indoor cattle shed of West Bengal, India for 2 consecutive years. An Andersen Two Stage Viable Sampler was used for sampling culturable fungi and a Burkard Personal Slide Sampler was used to collect the total airborne fungal spores including both the culturable and nonculturable types. A total of 31 spore types and 35 types of viable colony-forming units were recorded. Average concentration range of total fungal spores was 233-2985/m(3) and concentration of viable colony-forming units ranged between 165 and 2225 CFU/m(3). Burkard Sampler showed higher frequencies of Aspergilli/Penicilli, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and smut spores. Andersen Sampler showed the prevalence of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium cladosporioides colonies. Some recorded fungi were earlier reported as allergenic, toxic, and pathogenic for occupational workers as well as cattle population. Higher concentration levels of airborne total and culturable fungal spores were recorded during the months of November through February (winter) and June through September (late summer and rainy season).     

三峡库区小流域农户氮循环和排放特征

中国农业生产是以农户为单位进行的,农户氮素利用及平衡对农业生产和农村环境有非常重要的影响.本研究选择三峡库区秭归县张家冲小流域,对农户农田氮肥施用量、农户购买的饲料与食物、人畜粪便排放等进行了调查,并对农户氮素循环特征进行了分析.结果表明,根据该流域农户氮素流动的特点,可将其分为养殖型农户、柑橘种植户、茶叶种植户、蔬菜种植户、传统种植户5种类型;其氮素负荷大小顺序为养殖型农户蔬菜种植户柑橘种植户茶叶种植户≈传统种植户,以氮计分别为(363±129)、(355±127)、(345±107)、(152±60)和(151±73)kg.(hm2.a)-1;不同农户农田氮素循环分析表明,单位面积农田氮盈余变化在(102±68)~(303±134)kg.(hm2.a)-1之间,大小顺序为蔬菜种植户柑橘种植户茶叶种植户养殖型农户≈传统种植户,分别为(303±134)、(262±100)、(111±46)、(102±68)和(103±67)kg.(hm2.a)-1;在农户氮负荷中,居民生活排放的氮占28%,农田氮盈余占72%,说明农田是主要的氮污染源,生活污染也是不可忽视的.该地区的养殖型农户、蔬菜种植户和柑橘种植户对水体质量威胁较大,是氮素污染重点防治对象;实地调查农户生产与生活的方法能清晰地明确农业生态系统中氮循环的不同环节和估算循环流量,有利于揭示区域氮素循环特征.     

丙烯罐区火灾、爆炸风险的故障树分析

应用故障树分析法对齐鲁石化某丙烯罐区的火灾、爆炸风险及原因进行了分析评价,从而提出了预防火灾爆炸事故的建议和措施。     

青岛华威风电场风能资源分析

根据华威风电场2008年4月1日-2009年3月31日一整年的测风仪测风资料,对风电场的风能资源各参数进行了详细地计算和分析,对风电场的风能资源进行评价,为当地的风能开发提供分析基础。     

低山丘陵区风电项目生态恢复环境监理探析

低山丘陵区风力发电场项目建设对生态的破坏日益明显,可造成严重水土流失。通过对辽宁省低山丘陵区风力发电场项目生态恢复环境监理的分析,结合相关环境保护要求,阐述了低山丘陵区风力电场生态恢复的措施,并对其环境监理技术要点及问题处理进行了探讨。     

腈纶生产装置危险化学品储存与安全管理

根据危险化学品易燃、易爆、有毒的特点,提出安全储存和管理的管理思路,同时探讨了装卸入库的安全注意管理点。     

农户层面土地利用变化研究综述

论文从研究视角、研究内容、研究方法和手段、数据获取4 个方面对农户层面土地利用变化 研究进行了概括。并归纳出目前研究的几个特点: ①研究较为关注热点地区; ②多将农户层面土地 利用变化的驱动力归因于人口增长所导致的生计压力以及与之相关的农业扩张; ③研究逐步从单 纯关注用途变更转向对用途变更和土地利用集约度变化并重; ④在手段和方法上趋于多样化并趋 向于综合使用多种方法; ⑤土地利用主体决策行为对于土地利用变化影响得到重视; ⑥在分析数据 的获取上, 问卷调查成为主导方式, 但越来越多的研究开始尝试将问卷调查和“3S”技术相结合。最 后总结了已有研究存在的问题, 并探讨了今后农户层面土地利用变化研究发展的方向。     

Association analysis of accident factors in petrochemical storage tank farms

In order to identify and clarify the association between the factors leading to accidents in a petrochemical tank area, this study analyzes investigation reports of 212 petrochemical tank farm accidents and combines this with the “association rule” mining and science related to complex networks. The main risk factors are determined and a risk factor data set is constructed; 75 association rules are extracted from the factor data set based on the Apriori algorithm. Then the obtained association rules are used to construct an accident factors network of the petrochemical storage tank area, and the topology characteristics of the network are further analyzed to reveal the importance of factors. Factors with large node degree, betweenness, and clustering coefficients are obtained, such as “violation of operating regulations”, “high concentration of flammable gas in the air”, “lack of experience and professional skills”, etc. These factors play an important role in the formation and development of accidents. The results also show that the accident cause network of the petrochemical storage tank area has a small average shortest path length and a large cluster coefficient, indicating a relatively close connection between the accident factors. The contributions of this study is not only extracting the hidden relationships among contributory factors to tank farm accidents using association analysis, but also revealing which factors are more important for the tank farm safety through the complex network.     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.