Respiration induced by substrate and bacteria diversity after application of diuron,hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl alone and in mixture

Abstract

After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10?g – in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42?days after treatment (DAT), then 1?mL of ¹⁴C-glucose solution was applied. The released ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 2?M NaOH solution and the radioactivity was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), 12?h after glucose application. The effect of herbicides on bacterial diversity was evaluated by T-RFLP. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design. Hexazinone did not affect ¹⁴CO₂ evolution. Diuron showed a greater ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in sandy and clayey soil, while sulfometuron-methyl led to an increase in sandy soil, at 42 DAT. A greater evolution of carbon was observed in the treatment with herbicide mixture in sandy soil, compared with the same treatment in clayey soil or control. However, the herbicide mixture application did not affect the soil biological activity measured by the respiration rate induced by substrate. On the other hand, the herbicide mixtures affected the bacterial diversity in both soils, being the strongest effect to diuron and sulfometuron-methyl in clayey soil and hexazinone in sandy soil.     

Assessment of oxidative stress due to exposure to pesticides in plasma and urine of traditional limited-resource farm workers: Formation of the DNA-adduct 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG)

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity caused due to oxidative stress using plasma and urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in farm workers for six months during a growing season. Blood and urine samples were collected once a month for six months (June to November 2003) from farm workers (n = 15) and urban unexposed controls (n = 10). Plasma and urinary levels of 8-OHdG were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. There was no significant difference in the urinary levels of 8-OHdG between the farm workers and the control group, but there was an approximately four-fold increase in mean values of plasma 8-OHdG levels in the farm worker group (P ≤ 0.05).     

Median lethal concentration of formaldehyde and its genotoxic potential in bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus)

In order to avoid that contaminated frog farms animals escaping in the environment and become potential vector of emergent diseases, studies with disinfection protocol are strictly necessary. The formaldehyde is one of the compounds tested in fungal disinfection protocols and also used in aquaculture. This study aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC_50–96h) of formaldehyde in bullfrog tadpoles and to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects in acute exposition. Accordingly, the animals were exposed to formaldehyde in the concentrations of 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 mg L^?1, and after 96 h blood samples were drawn for the micronucleus (MN) test. The LC_50–96h was 10.53 mg L^?1, and the MN frequency increased in proportion to the formaldehyde concentrations, with an estimated frequency in the negative control being 1.35 MN/individual. We concluded that formaldehyde is genotoxic to tadpoles of bullfrogs in the tested concentrations, and the choice of this chemical should be contemplated before its use in animals in captivity.     

生态景观质量的游客感知及支付意愿评价——以福友休闲农场为例

在近年来国内休闲农业快速发展的背景下,由于缺乏对其非使用价值的正确认识和判断,出现了高速增长与效果欠佳的矛盾,如何科学评价休闲农场开发的非使用价值,对于该产业发展具有重要意义。条件价值评估方法(CVM)是国内外评估非使用价值和支付意愿较为成熟的方法,但尚未用于对具有"三产融合"和"三生一体"特性的休闲农场的评估,本研究以福建开发较为成熟的长泰福友休闲农场为研究取样点,采用该方法探究游客对休闲农场生态景观质量的感知水平及支付意愿。结果表明:游客对福友休闲农场生态保护价值支付意愿的下限为18.26元,支付上限为23.10元,游客对福友休闲农场生态景观保护的支付意愿为96.45万元/年;提供便捷的支付渠道和公开资金的使用途径能有效提升游客购买生态景观保护价值的支付意愿;农场空气的好坏、农场的生态体验设计、农场的田园功能分区在主题设计、耕作体验形式、内容等方面的创新程度对游客生态保护的支付意愿影响较大;对于大部分拥有一定农场阅历但对农业多功能性认识不足的游客,在便捷的支付手段和珍稀植物品种的吸引下,更倾向于形成较低水平的生态保护价值支付意愿,而那些文化素质较高,特别是拥有农场、生态相关领域研究背景,对于农场生态功能性、体验养生内容拥有一定认知的游客,则愿意在更高的价格水平支付农场的生态保护价值。     

风电场风机噪声监测方法初探

据现场实测,风电场300 m范围内社会噪声测值水平较低,且昼夜变化较小,对风电场背景噪声贡献不大;风机停运时背景噪声值随风速递增,二者之间存在较好的多项式回归性。在测得风机运行时噪声值和测点风速的情况下,根据回归方程式得到背景噪声,当风机运行时测得的噪声值与背景噪声之差大于1.5 dB(A)时,可以运用噪声叠加原理计算风机噪声,并且其计算误差在可接受范围之内。     

风电场噪声影响模拟方法研究

以浙江沿海某海岛风电场为例,在做好风电场噪声监测数据质量保证的基础上,分析风电场噪声等效声级和距离的关系模型,运用GIS的空间分析功能对研究区的噪声影响进行预测和叠加分析,模拟得到10 m/s风速时风电场噪声的噪声空间影响分布,并提出风机在不同运行工况时风电场噪声的模拟方法和防治措施。该研究为风电场噪声影响分析和管理部门提供参考。     

城郊菜园土污染状况调查与评价

南京市郊菜园土中Ａｓ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ四种元素的含量呈逐年上升趋势。除Ａｓ外，其余３种元素的含量均为土壤背景值的２￣３倍。综合评价表明，供试土样中约５０％以上的样点不再适宜种植蔬菜作物而只宜作林业用地或城建、道路及工矿用地。     

海水消防泵站的设计思路

分析了海水消防泵使用过程中出现的问题,并就存在的问题提出了海水消防泵站设计的几个思路.     

SBR用于高浓度有机污水的处理——单级与两级处理系统的比较研究

对单级和两级序批式反应器 (SBR)用于牛场高浓度有机污水的处理进行了试验研究 ,对其污水处理性能进行了比较。结果表明 ,与单级SBR相比 ,两级SBR处理系统可使用较短的水力停留时间而获得较高的污染物去除率和较好的出水水质 ,并可通过硝化过程实现氨氮的完全硝化。     

养猪场恶臭污染的预测模型及感官评估研究

现代化、集约化养殖技术促进了养猪业的高效发展,但养殖过程中产生的恶臭污染对环境的影响也逐渐显露出来.为正确识别养猪场恶臭物质组成、建立基于关键致臭物质的恶臭气体预测模型、感官评估恶臭对人产生的心理影响,对天津市某养猪场母猪舍、育肥舍及舍外的恶臭气体进行采样.应用GC-MS,分析物质组成;根据阈稀释倍数计算结果,确定关键致臭物质;通过研究各组分对复合恶臭的影响,建立复合恶臭气体预测模型;结合臭气浓度与人群实际心理感受,提出养猪场厌恶临界点.结果表明:①该养猪场共检出恶臭物质48种,各类型恶臭物质质量分数大小依次为w（氨）> w（含氧烃）> w（硫化物）> w（烷烃）> w（卤代烃）> w（烯烃）> w（芳香烃）.②该养猪场关键致臭物质为氨与乙醇,其中氨对复合臭气浓度的影响最大.③养猪场复合恶臭气体预测模型为O=0.34I₁+0.75I₂+5.81（其中,O为复合臭气浓度指数,I₁、I₂分别为乙醇和氨的恶臭气体指数）,经实际样品检验该模型具有良好的预测效果.④养猪场气味属厌恶范畴,厌恶程度随臭气浓度的增加而增强.⑤养猪场厌恶临界点为13,即臭气浓度大于13时,就会对人群产生干扰.研究显示,养猪场恶臭气体组成复杂,对人群的干扰可以用愉悦度进行评价,根据关键致臭物质可以预测感官恶臭污染.