典型喀斯特城区土地利用变化对地表温度的影响分析

利用TM遥感影像数据,运用ENVI及GIS技术,提取典型喀斯特城区(白云区)2002~2013年的土地利用覆盖类型,并反演出地表温度,从而进一步分析探讨土地利用变化对地表温度的影响。贵阳市白云区是贵阳市重点工业区和新2型工业集中分布区,在2002~2013年土地利用变化明显,特别是城区建设用地增加显著,从35.11增加到71.81 km,并占用了大量耕地和灌疏林。白云区土地利用类型的变化引起地表温度的改变,尤其是建设用地的扩张对地表温度影响较大。对地表温度与NDVI关系进行分析,结果表明不同土地类型的地表温度与NDVI相关程度不同。     

The effects of climate warming on microbe-mediated mechanisms of sediment carbon emission

Due to significant differences in biotic and abiotic properties of soils compared to those of sediments, the predicted underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms of soil carbon emissions in response to warming may not be applicable for estimating similar emissions from inland water sediments. We addressed this issue by incubating different types of sediments, (including lake, small river, and pond sediments) collected from 36 sites across the Yangtze River basin, under short-term experimental warming to explore the effects of climate warming on sediment carbon emission and the underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms. Our results indicated that under climate warming CO₂ emissions were affected more than CH₄ emissions, and that pond sediments may yield a greater relative contribution of CO₂ to total carbon emissions than lake and river sediments. Warming-induced CO₂ and CH₄ increases involve different microbe-mediated mechanisms; Warming-induced sediment CO₂ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network modularity, which was significantly negatively affected by the quality and quantity of organic carbon and warming-induced variations in dissolved oxygen, Conversely, warming-induced sediment CH₄ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network complexity, which was significantly negatively affected by warming-induced variations in pH. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic drivers for sediment CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in response to climate warming should be considered separately when predicting sediment organic carbon decomposition dynamics resulting from climate change.     

塑性混凝土渗透及渗透变形试验模型与指标测定

介绍了为堤防防渗工程设计的塑性混凝土渗透系数及渗透破坏比降试验模型及其测定方法。     

Temperature dependence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in Chicago air

The temperature dependence of gas-phase atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides measured in Chicago, IL between June and October 1995 were investigated using plots of the natural logarithm of partial pressures (ln P) vs. reciprocal mean temperatures (1/T). For the eight lowest molecular weight PAHs, temperature dependence was statistically significant (at the 95% confidence level) and temperature accounted for 23–49% of the variability in gas-phase concentrations. The relatively higher slopes for most of the PAHs suggested that volatilization from local sources and short-range transport influenced their concentrations. For pesticides, temperature dependence was statistically significant for DDD and for trans-nonachlor (at the 95% and 90% confidence levels), and was not statistically significant for the other five compounds (2–18% of the variability in their gas-phase concentrations). The relatively lower slopes for individual pesticides suggested that they have mostly non-urban and distant sources.Results of back trajectory analyses suggested that the region, southwest of Chicago, might be an important local or regional source sector for PAHs and organochlorine pesticides. No statistically significant relationship was observed between wind speed and PAH or pesticide concentrations. None of the variables (temperature, wind speed, wind direction, local and regional sources) could fully explain the variation in their concentrations measured in Chicago, therefore, this variation can be attributed to the combined effect of those factors.     

Temperature and industrial output: Firm-level evidence from China

We pair a firm-level panel of annual industrial output with a fine-scale daily weather data set, to estimate the responses of industrial output to temperature changes in China. We have four primary findings. First, industrial output is nonlinear in temperature changes. With seasonal average temperatures as temperature variables, output responds positively to higher spring temperatures and negatively to elevated summer temperatures. With temperature bins as temperature variables, output increases linearly with temperature up to 21–24 °C, and then declines sharply at higher temperatures. Second, lagged temperature changes exert large and significant impacts on current year’s output. Third, higher summer temperatures have larger detrimental effects on output in low-temperature regions than in high-temperature regions, which suggests that adaptation to warming may have been actively undertaken in high-temperature regions in China. Lastly, industrial output in China is projected to decrease by 3–36% by 2080 under the slowest warming scenario (B1) and by 12–46% under the most rapid warming scenario (A2) under the global climate models UKMO-HadCM3 and PCM.     

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional,continuous flow,completely mixed activated sludge system

Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L^-1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.     

1982—2006年中国半干旱、干旱区气候与植被覆盖的时空变化

利用1982-2006年英国CRU(Climatic Research Unit)全球气温降水数据和NOAA/NASA归一化植被指数(theNormalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据,分析了中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的气候、植被覆盖的时空变化。结果表明,虽然中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的部分区域降水减少,但整体上向暖湿化发展。在暖湿化背景下,中国内陆半干旱和干旱区的植被总体以改善为主(>1%.(10a)-1),特别是新疆西北部和青海东南部;但局部有微弱的减少趋势[(0~-1)%.(10a)-1],如新疆南部和东部、甘肃西北部。最后,以乌鲁木齐为例,分析发现气温增加导致植被生长季延长和降水的增加,使得过去25年乌鲁木齐的植被覆盖有明显的改善。     

Current molecular biologic techniques for characterizing environmental microbial community

Microbes are vital to the earth because of their enormous numbers and instinct function maintaining the natural balance. Since the microbiology was applied in environmental science and engineering more than a century ago, researchers desire for more and more information concerning the microbial spatio-temporal variations in almost every fields from contaminated soil to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For the past 30 years, molecular biologic techniques explored for environmental microbial community (EMC) have spanned a broad range of approaches to facilitate the researches with the assistance of computer science: faster, more accurate and more sensitive. In this feature article, we outlined several current and emerging molecular biologic techniques applied in detection of EMC, and presented and assessed in detail the application of three promising tools.     

Hunting, law enforcement, and African primate conservation

Abstract: Primates are regularly hunted for bushmeat in tropical forests, and systematic ecological monitoring can help determine the effect hunting has on these and other hunted species. Monitoring can also be used to inform law enforcement and managers of where hunting is concentrated. We evaluated the effects of law enforcement informed by monitoring data on density and spatial distribution of 8 monkey species in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. We conducted intensive surveys of monkeys and looked for signs of human activity throughout the park. We also gathered information on the activities of law‐enforcement personnel related to hunting and evaluated the relative effects of hunting, forest cover and proximity to rivers, and conservation effort on primate distribution and density. The effects of hunting on monkeys varied among species. Red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) were most affected and Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli) were least affected by hunting. Density of monkeys irrespective of species was up to 100 times higher near a research station and tourism site in the southwestern section of the park, where there is little hunting, than in the southeastern part of the park. The results of our monitoring guided law‐enforcement patrols toward zones with the most hunting activity. Such systematic coordination of ecological monitoring and law enforcement may be applicable at other sites.     

旅游干扰对九寨沟原始森林岷江冷杉树干附生苔藓植物组成和结构的影响

附生苔藓植物是森林生物多样性的重要组分,对森林及其环境的质量有很好的指示作用.为了揭示旅游活动对森林及其环境的影响,调查了几寨沟原始森林景点内附近旅游活动频繁地段与未扰动地段原始林优势种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)树干4个高度附生苔藓种类的组成、生物量和群落结构,采用独立样本t检验对苔藓层结构参数进行了差异性检验.结果表明:(1)冷杉树干附生苔藓物种组成在旅游活动频繁地段与未扰动地段有很大的差异.在旅游活动频繁地段,耐荫喜湿物种局部消失(重要值下降),耐干旱抗干扰的植物种群扩大;(2)旅游活动频繁地段树干附生苔藓植物的丰富度、盖度和生物量较未扰动地段小;(3)距地面较高的高度120 cm和180 cm处受到的干扰强度最大,基部的影响较小.旅游活动对附生苔藓植物的干扰主要为间接的环境影响,其机理还未充分认识,还需进一步研究.综合分析表明,旅游干扰影响了几寨沟的生态环境,需要进一步加强管理,控制游客数量和规范游客行为.图2表3参25